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A & P
Skeletal & Muscular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| bone-forming cells that secrete bone matrix | osteoblast |
| hydroxyapatite crystals that infiltrate the bone matrix | calcium and phosphate |
| bones serve as storage site for | calcium |
| lowers blood calcium levels by depositing calcium in bones | calcitonin |
| prevents calcium from being deposited in bone to increase blood calcium level | parathyroid hormone |
| cancellous bone | spongy bone |
| hard, dense outer-layer bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone | compact bone |
| one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves that supply osteocytes | Haversian canal |
| opening through compact bone, allows passage of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves into medullary cavity | nutrient foramen |
| location where the creation of new bone that allows long bones to lengthen as the animal grows occurs | epiphysial plate (growth plate) |
| template in the fetus where endochondral bone formation takes place, and is eventually replaced by bone | cartilage |
| shaft of a long bone | diaphysis |
| commonly fractured location in the long bone of young animals | epiphyseal plate |
| factors required for optimal healing of bone | alignment, immobilization, time |
| healing tissue felt as a lump at the site of a fracture | callus |
| irregular bone example | patella |
| flat bone | scapula |
| short bone examples | tarsal bone, carpal bone |
| found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis (blood formation) | red bone marrow |
| fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones | yellow bone marrow |
| large, round protuberance with a smooth articular surface at end of bone | condyle |
| depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone | fossa |
| flat articular surface that allows a rocking motion between bones | facet |
| hole in a bone | foramen |
| immovable fibrous joints found in the skull | sutures |
| bone that protrudes at the base of the skull, most caudal external bone | occipital bone |
| bone that forms the forehead | frontal bone |
| opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes | foramen magnum |
| the lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples | temporal bones |
| houses the pituitary gland | sphenoid bone |
| name the 3 ossicles of the ear in the correct order starting at the tympanic membrane | melleus, incus, stapes |
| forms the bridge of the nose, and length dictates whether dolichocephalic, mesocephalic, or brachycephalic | nasal bones |
| forms the rostral part of the hard palate | maxillary bones |
| forms posterior part of hard palate | palantine bones |
| houses the upper incisors; also called the premaxilla | incisive bone |
| lower jaw bone | mandible bones |
| bony structure on the face of cats and dogs forms the easily papable widest part of the skull | zygomatic arch |
| flat, thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum | vomer bone |
| contains the cribform plate | ethmoid bone |
| lacks body and spinous process, allows head to nod, only has two transverse processes | C1 atlas |
| narrowing of spinal canal in the cervical region that compresses the spinal cord, most common in equines and canines (dobermans) | Wobbler's Syndrome |
| the cartilages found at the ventral end of a rib that connect the sternum and the ends of the ribs | costal cartilage |
| sternebrae found at the cranial end of sternum | manubrium |
| area where costal cartilage meets bony rib | costochondral junction |
| point of the elbow found on the ulna | olecranon process |
| a longitudinal ridge on the front of the proximal end of the tibia where the patella ligament attaches | tibial crest |
| bones of the thoracic antebrachium | radius and ulna |
| group of bones that forms the joint comparable to the wrist in humans | carpal bones |
| vestigial metacarpal and metatarsal bones in the leg of the horse | splint bones |
| remains of digits that have regressed in the course of evolution, found on the medial surface of the leg in dogs and cats | dewclaws |
| distal phalanx in a horse | coffin bone |
| joint between metacarpal III and the proximal phalanx | fetlock joint |
| distal sesmoid bone in horses | navicular bone |
| number of dewclaws a cow has on its thoracic limb | 2 |
| occurs when the anconeal process does not fuse with the ulna; result is joint instability | ununited anconeal process |
| hip socket, made up of fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis | acetabulum |
| opening in hip bone formed by the pubic and ischial rami | obturator foramen |
| point of the hip visualized in cattle | ilium |
| largest sesamoid bone in the body | patella |
| main weight bearing bone of the pelvic lower leg | tibia |
| knee joint composed of the femur and tibia | stifle joint |
| point of the hock | calcaneal tuberosity of fibular tarsal bone |
| joint made up of the tarsal bones | hock joint |
| bone encased in the penile tissue of dogs | os penis |
| joints found between vertebrae of the spinal column (amphiarthroses) | cartilaginous joints |
| firm connective tissue bands that stabilize a joint | ligaments |
| movement away from the midline of the body | abduction |
| decreases the angle of a joint | flexion |
| increases the angle of a joint | extension |
| joints that can bend and straighten but can not rotate; they restrict motion to one plane - flexion and extension | hinge joints |
| allows one bone to slide over another; found in wrist and ankles- mainly extension and flexion | gliding joint |
| gliding joint- carpus | arthrodial joint |
| joint that allows for only rotational movement- pivot joints- joint between 1st and 2nd vertebrae | trochoid joint |
| ball and socket joint that allows all synovial joint movements | spheroidal joint |
| hinge joint aka | ginglymus joint |
| weight bearing bone of pelvic limb (antebrachium) | tibia |
| "lump" on front of tibia extending to the tibial crest | tibial tuberosity |
| knob-like process that sticks out in ankle | lateral malleolus |
| characteristic of muscle meaning able to be activated | excitability |
| characteristic of muscle meaning shortening in length when stimulated | contractibility |
| characteristic of muscle meaning able to stretch when pulled | extensability |
| characteristic of muscle meaning the ability to turn to normal shape and size after contracting/extending | elasticity |
| surrounding a group of muscle cells | perimysium |
| surrounding individual muscle cells | endomysium |
| four characteristics of muscle | excitability, contractibility, extensibility, and elasticity |
| three primary functions of muscle | provide motion, maintain posture, generate heat |
| type of muscle that carries out unconscious, internal movements of the body | smooth muscle |
| fibrous connective sheath that covers well- defined group of skeletal muscle cells | epimysium |
| skeletal muscle attachments that attach to bones by fibrous tissue bands | tendons |
| skeletal muscle attachments that attach to bones or muscles by broad sheets of fibrous tissue | aponeuroses |
| prime mover that directly produces a desired movement | agonist |
| stretches while other muscles contract, directly opposes the action of an agonist | antagonist |
| muscle that contracts at the same time as agonist to assist its action | synergist |
| muscle that stabilizes joints to allow other movements | fixator |
| muscle naming factors | action, shape, location, direction of fibers, number of heads or divisions, attachment sites |
| series of protein filaments that make up contractile units of muscle cells | sarcomere |
| many sarcomeres lined up end to end make up one | myofibril |
| groups of muscle fibers | fassicles |
| site where ends of motor nerve fibers connect to muscles fibers | neuromusclular junction |
| synaptic vesicles at end of nerve fiber contain | neurotransmitter acetylcholine |
| one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers it innervates | motor unit |
| A band contains | actin and myosin |
| H band contains | only myosin |
| I band contains | only actin |
| what causes striations in muscles | A bands, H bands, and I bands |
| takes in information from other cells | dendrites |
| sends out information to other cells | axons |
| neurotransmitter that tells muscle to contract | acetylocholine |
| enzyme that breaks down acetylocholine to recycle back | acetylochinesterase |
| relaxation and retraction needs | ATP |
| ability to relax/retract depends on ________ levels | calcium |
| calcium is stored in | sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| ADP is | used up energy |
| what makes muscles sore | lactic acid |
| what is a major storage organ for oxygen | liver |
| ______ muscle has many nuclei and fibers are long and thin | skeletal |
| ______ muscle has one nuclei and is shorter and wider | cardiac |
| allows multiple cells to contract at once, makes fast communication, passes nerve impulses; found in cardiac muscle | intercalated discs |
| type of muscle that does not need external stimulation to contract | cardiac |
| generates impulse to start heart beat; faster and followed by rest | SA node |
| where is the SA node found | right atrium |
| "pace maker" of the heart | SA node |
| autonomic nervous systems two parts | sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
| system for rest & restore, relaxation, sleep, and slows heart beat | parasympathetic |
| "fight or flight" nervous system, increased heart beat | sympathetic |
| visceral means | organ |
| visceral smooth muscle found | stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and uterus |
| Multi unit smooth muscle found | iris, small air passageways in lungs, walls of small blood vessels |
| rhythmic contraction | peristalsis |
| where would rhythmic contraction be found | GI tract |
| thin, broad superficial muscles | cutaneous muscles |
| type of muscle that controls the movement of an animals skeleton | voluntary striated muscle; skeletal muscle |
| linea alba is an example of | aponeurosis |
| when skeletal muscle contracts, this site undergoes the greatest movement | insertion |
| skeletal muscle that contracts at the same time as the prime mover muscle and assists in carrying out the prime mover's action | synergist |
| muscle in an animal that corresponds to the calf muscle in humans | gastrocnemius muscle |
| another name for a skeletal muscle cell | fiber |
| outermost connective tissue layer of a muscle | epimysium |
| structure of a muscle contains adipose tissue that contributes to the grossly visible marbling of meat | perimysium |
| causes the heart to beat slower with less force | parasympathetic nervous system |
| involuntary non-striated muscle | smooth muscle |
| source of a phosphate molecule needed to recharge an ADP molecule to an ATP molecule | creatine phosphate |
| anaerobic muscle metabolism results in ____ formation as a result of incomplete glucose metabolism | lactic acid |
| involuntary striated muscle | cardiac muscle |
| two major sources of energy for normal muscle metabolism | glucose and oxygen |
| anatomical structure that fastens cardiac cells together | intercalated disc |
| attaches the gastrocnemius to the hock | Achilles tendon |
| muscle that enables mastication | masseter muscle |
| contracting unit of a skeletal muscle | sarcomere |
Created by:
annabethbibby
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