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N,R,U,C & GI systems
Nervous, respiratory, urinary, cardiovascular & gastrointestinal systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| central nervous system includes the... | brain and the spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system includes the... | nerves that connect the brain to the muscles, glands, and various receptors in the rest of the body |
| a cell that has various fibers leading into it & away from it is a _____ | neuron |
| the fibers carrying electrical impulses (information) into the neuron are ____ | dendrites |
| the fibers carrying information away from each neuron are ______ | axons |
| at the ends of the axons are _______________ where electrical impulses are converted into chemical messages, which cross the junction to the next fiber or dendrite | synaptic end-bulbs |
| chemicals called ____________ are released & cross the junction & bind to receptors on the dendrite, when enough receptors have been stimulated, the dendrite sends an electrical signal to the neuron & the process is repeated | neurotransmitters |
| various _____ can act at the synaptic junctions to promote the neurotransmitters’ activity, mimic their actions, or block them from acting | drugs |
| drugs that stimulate the action of some neurotransmitters end w/ -mimetics (think of ___, as they imitate the actions of others) | MIME |
| those drugs that disrupt (or lyse) the neurotransmitter end with ____ | -lytics |
| drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system are called parasympatho_______, whereas drugs that disrupt the sympathetic nervous system are called sympatho_____ | mimetic, lytic |
| Peripheral nervous system is divided into 2 major parts: the _________ (also known as the _____) and the ______ (also known as the_________). | somatic nervous system (voluntary nervous system), autonomic nervous system (involuntary nervous system) |
| What are some action under the control of the somatic nervous system? | Walking, running, and conscious movements are under the control of the somatic nervous system. |
| What are some actions that are under the control of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? | Controls body functions that are not under conscious control, such as blood pressure and secretion of glands. |
| ANS is composed of a __________ and a _______nervous system. | sympathetic, parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic nervous system is associated with _____ responses in the body. Its main neurotransmitters are _____ (adrenaline), ______, and _______. Its main receptors are ___, ___, ___, ___. | fight-or-flight, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2 |
| Sympathetic nervous system is sometimes called the ________ | adrenergic system |
| Parasympathetic system is involved with _______. | energy-conserving processes |
| The parasympathetic system is also known as the ______, its main neurotransmitter is ______. Its main receptors are ____ and ____. | cholinergic system, acetylcholine, nicotinic, muscarinic |
| epileptic animals definition | animals that have a disorder that causes frequent seizures |
| Acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter that allows a nerve impulse to cross the synaptic junction (gap) between two nerve fibers or between a nerve fiber and an organ (e.g., muscle, gland) |
| Acetylcholinesterase | an enzyme that brings about the breakdown of acetylcholine in the synaptic gap |
| Adrenergic | term used to describe an action or a receptor that is activated by epinephrine or norepinephrine |
| Analgesia | the absence of the sensation of pain |
| Anesthesia | the loss of all sensation. May be described as local (affecting a small area), regional, or surgical (accompanied by unconsciousness) |
| Autonomic nervous system | that portion of the nervous system that controls involuntary activities |
| Catalepsy | a state of involuntary muscle rigidity that is accompanied by immobility, amnesia, and variable amounts of analgesia. Some reflexes may be preserved |
| Catecholamine | the class of neurotransmitters that includes dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. When given therapeutically, catecholamines mimic the effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system |
| Cholinergic | activated by or transmitted through acetylcholine; also called parasympathomimetic. Cholinergic drugs increase activity in the gastrointestinal tract |
| Effector | a gland, organ, or tissue that responds to nerve stimulation with a specific action |
| Ganglionic synapse | the site of the synapse between neuron one and neuron two of the autonomic nervous system |
| Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) | a measure of potency and is the alveolar concentration that prevents movement in 50% of patients in response to a painful stimulus. Lower numbers indicate more potent agents |
| Muscarinic receptors | receptors activated by acetylcholine and muscarine that are found in glands, the heart, and smooth muscle. An acronym for remembering muscarinic effects is SLUD: S, salivation; L, lacrimation; U, urination; D, defecation |
| Neuroleptanalgesia | combination of an opioid with a tranquilizer or sedative |
| Nicotinic receptors | receptors activated by acetylcholine and nicotine found at the neuromuscular junction of the skeletal muscle and at the ganglionic synapses |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | that portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the craniosacral portion of the spinal cord, is mediated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and is concerned primarily with conserving and restoring a steady state in the body |
| Parasympatholytic | a drug used to inhibit the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system |
| Parasympathomimetic | a drug that mimics the effects of stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system |
| Precision vaporizer | part of the anesthesia machine, located out of the circuit, used to convert a liquid anesthetic to a gas & produce a precise concentration of anesthetic vapor in the carrier gas (O2) passing through the vaporizer & delivered |
| Sedative | a drug used to suppress brain activity and awareness; reduced excitement by causing sleepiness |
| Sympathetic nervous system | that portion of the autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracolumbar spinal cord, is mediated by catecholamines, and is concerned with the fight-or-flight response |
| Sympatholytic | drug used to inhibit the activity of the sympathetic nervous system; block the effects of the adrenergic neurotransmitters |
| Sympathomimetic | drug that mimics the effects of stimulating the sympathetic nervous system |
| Tranquilizer | drug used to calm a patient by decreasing anxiety, not necessarily reduce awareness |
| Vapor pressure | vapor pressure of an agent indicates how volatile it is and the maximum concentration that can be achieved. Vapor pressure of an inhalant anesthetic is a measure of its tendency to evaporate |
| Define the difference between an agonist and an opioid antagonist | agonist- drug that combines w/ a receptor to bring action antagonist- combines w/ receptor & blocks action opioid antagonist- blocks effect of opioids by binding w/ opiate receptors & preventing narcotic binding at sites; classified as pure or partial |
| Define neurotransmitter | a neurotransmitter is a chemical substance released by a nerve ending at the synapse. It acts on the adjacent neuron to stimulate, inhibit, or change its activity |
| Most CNS drugs act by ________ or ____________ the effects of neurotransmitters | Interrupting the generation or conduction of nerve impulses; interfering with |
| What are the primary neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptors? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| List the four primary ways in which drugs affect the ANS | Mimicking neurotransmitters interfering with neurotransmitter release blocking the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors interfering with the breakdown of neurotransmitters |
| List five indications for the use of cholinergic agents | to control vomiting to treat urinary retention to stimulate gastrointestinal activity to treat glaucoma act as an antidote to aid in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis |
| Atropine, scopolamine, glycopyrrolate, and aminopentamide are examples of what specific drug class? | Cholinergic blocking agents (anticholinergic) |
| Propranolol is an example of what category of drug? | Beta blocker |
| What are some adverse side effects of xylazine, and what drug may be used to antagonize its effects? | Bradycardia and hypotension may be antagonized by using atropine; respiratory depression or excessive CNS depression may be antagonized by using yohimbine. |
| Why would you be concerned about using a thiobarbiturate to induce anesthesia in a very thin dog? | Thiobarbiturates are soluble in fat (acts like a sponge to take the barbiturate out of circulation & away from the CNS) thin animals have reduced fat levels, more of the thiobarbiturate remains in the bloodstream & can cause depression of the CNS |
| What are some of the characteristics of a cat anesthetized with ketamine? | Analgesia, increased muscle tone, maintenance of pharyngeal/laryngeal reflexes, muscle tremors, and loss of the blink reflex |
| List some of the signs of a narcotic overdose | Respiratory depression, cardiac depression, agitation, excitement, or seizures |
| List two narcotic antagonists | Naloxone and nalorphine |
| Why should glyceryl guaiacolate not be mixed until just before use? | Because of its tendency to precipitate out of solution when stored |
| Why are euthanasia solutions that contain only pentobarbital classified as Class II controlled substances, whereas those that contain pentobarbital and other substances are classified as Class III controlled substances? | Some pentobarbital euthanasia agents have a red dye added to distinguish them from pentobarbital agents that may be used for anesthesia. Because these agents are easily identified as euthanasia agents, they have less potential for abuse. |
| All psychotherapy drugs are thought to produce their effects by altering __________ activity in the brain | Neurotransmitter |
| Dissociative agents, such as ketamine and tiletamine, may cause __________ at the injection site | Burning |
| A hypnotic (anesthetic) known for its very short duration and its white color is _________. | Propofol |
| A benzodiazepine that is used as an antianxiety medication and as an appetite stimulant in cats is ____________. | Diazepam |
| An example of a tricyclic antidepressant used in veterinary medicine for separation anxiety in dogs is __________. | Clomicalm (clomipramine) |
| ___________ is used to treat old-dog dementia | Anipryl (selegiline) |
| The ____ nervous system is under voluntary control | somatic |
| The neurotransmitter for cholinergic sites is ______ | acetylcholine |
| The direct-acting cholinergic metoclopramide is ordered for a 50-lb dog to control vomiting and promote gastric emptying. The dosage of metoclopramide is 0.25 mg/kg and the concentration of the drug is 5 mg/mL. How many milliliters would you prepare? | 1.1 mL |
| Dexmedetomidine will be given to an 8-lb cat as a preanesthetic at a dosage of 30 mcg/kg. The concentration of Dexdomitor is 0.5 mg/mL. What quantity would you draw up? | 0.22 mL |
Created by:
Savannah1118
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