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RATS Quiz
Lecture 10: Non-Traditional Animals in Research
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| dogs and cats in research | less than .5% of animals used in research; all dogs and cats must be acquired from a USDA licensed dealer |
| random source | animals from shelters that are about to be euthanized; only allowed in some states |
| conditioned for research | random source animals that have been conditioned by dealer |
| purpose bred | from colony bred animals; these are most commonly used |
| research purposes of dogs | physiology studies, pharmacology studies, surgical studies (heart, orthopedic), heart and lung machines (pacemakers, catheters), orthopedics (artificial joints), kidney disease |
| why use dogs and cats in research? | beneficial for health of animals, nutrition, diagnostic and surgical procedures, behavior studies; all these lead to increased life span and better quality of life |
| commonly used dog breeds | beagles (most common), hounds, mixed breed dogs |
| husbandry for dogs | house together if possible, good height of enclosure, meet exercise requirement, outdoor runs, good flooring, clean daily |
| research purposes of cats | brain mapping, AIDS, leukemia |
| husbandry for cats | stainless steel cages, elevated resting area, clean litter pans daily |
| who regulates the use of farm animals NOT used for agriculture production? | USDA |
| commonly used farm animals in research | swine, sheep, goats |
| farm raised or lab raised animals? | farm raised animals become more stressed and may respond with unusual behavior |
| research uses of horses (rarely used) | agriculture research, blood products (serum, antiserum, antitoxin), toxicology studies, tetanus/diphtheria prevention, vaccine research (West Nile Virus), prostate cancer (nonexistent in stallions), blood pressure |
| research uses of cattle (rarely used) | agricultural research, bovine health research, toxicology, cardiovascular studies (artificial hearts, cardiac assist devices), uptake of radioactivity in milk products (Japan nuclear plant melt down) |
| research uses of swine (Sus scrofa) | agricultural research, cardiovascular studies, exercise physiology, nutrition, surgery, atherosclerosis, diabetes, transplantation |
| swine behavior | friendly, docile, extremely social, does well in group housing, needs regular human interaction |
| why are pigs one of the best models for studying the healing process of skin wounds? | their repair process is similar to that of human beings (texture, permeability, thickness) |
| overstressing swine can cause | malignant hyperthermia (rapid ride in body temperature, severe muscle contractions) |
| research uses of sheep (Ovis aires) | reproduction and fetal development, cardiovascular research |
| research uses of goats (Capra hircus) | placental and fetal surgery, orthopedic procedures, antibody production |
| gene cloning | a substance found in spiders (spider webs) injected into the goat, and the milk produces a substance that is stronger and more effective than Kevlar when processed |
| Q fever | ZOONOTIC (sheep and goats); caused by Coxiella burnetti, a rickettsia that in humans is a flu-like disease that may be fatal |
| ORF contagious ecthyma | ZOONOTIC (sheep and goats); virus is spread by direct contact with MM of infected animals or material contaminated; produces very painful skin lesions |
| farm animal husbandy | housed and fed similar to an agricultural facility, fed commercial feeds, group housing provides enrichment, restraint and therapeutic techniques are the same |
| woodchucks | Marmota monax; contract a viral hepatitis that predisposse them to a malignant hepatoma, animal model of hepatitis B virus |
| armadillo ('little armored thing') | Dasypus novemcinctus; can contract human leprosy, uterus is very similar to humans, regularly produce identical quadruplets |
| 4 orders of birds used in research | Galliformes (chickens, turkeys, pheasants), Psittaforhes (parrot-like birds), Passeriformes (crows, jaws, sparrows), Columbiformes (doves and pigeons) |
| uses of birds in research | most common are chickens, pigeons, turkeys; nutritional studies, oncology, osteomyelitis, embryology |
| reptiles (rare in lab) | cold-blooded, dry, scaly skin, breathe air with lungs, ectotherms, require little space, warm environment with high humiditty |
| research uses of reptiles | anatomical and comparative physiological studies, snakes for venom studies |
| research uses of snakes | venom used to test human drugs (heart disease, high BP, cancer and tumors), genetics, embryology, developmental stubiology, ethology, endocrinology, immunology |
| textilinin | reduce blood loss during surgery by helping maintain blood clots |
| research uses of turtles | effects of temperature on HR, respiratory rate, GI passage rate, physiologic effects of diving, military armor |
| military armor testing | shockwaves of underwater explosions, CT scans before and after to observe injuries, using dead animals with pressure sensors if 300 psi; only injuries were broken flippers and minor brain damage |
| research uses of small turtles | heating and cooling curves, neuromuscular studies, behavior studies |
| reptile diet | dependent on species; carnivore, herbivore, insectivore, frugivore; reptiles that eat in captivity are not unduly stressed and have adapted |
| stressors for reptiles | excessive handling, inadequate temperature or humidity, improper lighting, overcrowding, damp/unsanitary conditions, lack of hiding spaces |
| husbandry of reptiles | mimic natural setting, provide cage furniture, glass aquariums, usually solitary, sand/soil/gravel for burrowers, sunlamps for basking, proper UV lighting, skin shedding, all spectrums of light, humidity is important, temperature gradient |
| oviparous | eggs |
| vivparous | live young |
| amphibians | live part of their lives in water; Mudpuppy, African Clawed Frog, Leopard Frog, Salamander/Axolotl |
| Leopard Frog | Rana pipiens; produce enzymes in oocyst -> potential cancer drugs, neuron research |
| African Clawed Frog | Xenopus laevis; pregnancy testing in humans, 1st invertebrate to be cloned |
| amphibian anatomy | 3-chambered heart, live part of their life in water, external fertilization of eggs, gas exchange through lungs and skin, ectotherms, can be wild caught or lab raised |
| research uses of amphibians | genetic studies, physiological studies, neurology/endocrine studies, embryology studies, skin permeability (ag waste research), limb regeneration |
| husbandry of amphibians | will cannibalize, tanks/aquariums (plastic or glass), hiding places, provide wet and dry areas, spring or conditioned water, isolate new arrivals, no chlorine |
| diet/feeding of amphibians | omnivorous in larval stage, carnivorous as adults, live pre (observe, don't distract), dead prey (freeze and thaw), supplementation (gut load insects), temp increase stimulates feeding, force-feed in necessary, large frogs eat small mammals and fish |
| illness and toxicity in amphibians | porous skin (bites, scratches subject to infection), carry salmonella, temp decrease (lethargy, loss of appetite), stress (anorexia, starvation), parasites, nematodes, protozoa, mites |
| restraint and handling of amphibians | handle as little as possible to prevent damage to slime layer, use observation instead of physical examinations, add treatment/anesthesia to water; euthanasia is hard b/c heart continues to beat post-mortem |
| research uses of insects | fruit flies -> genetics, agriculture -> crop infestation, parasitism, pests, product development (insect repellants, insecticides, insect attractants), raised as feed for other animals |
| opossum (Didelphis virginiana) | native to North America, have pouch; semi-embryonic state of development, no placental barrier, chemical or physical manipulation of developing embryo in pouch |
| diseases of opossums | tularemia, leptospirosis, bacterial endocarditis |
| bats | not good models, DIFFICULT TO HOUSE; echolocation, thermoregulation, blood circulation and wound healing |
Created by:
mkroon26
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