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ANS 110 Lab Terms
MSU Animal Sciences
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gilt (pig) | female pig that has not produced a litter of piglets yet, or is being used to grow and finish for butchering |
| Sow (pig) | female pig that has had a litter of piglets |
| Boar (pig) | intact male pig |
| Barrow (pig) | castrated male pig |
| Farrow (pig) | litter of piglets |
| Piglet (pig) | infant pig |
| Farrow-finish (pig) | operation; 22-26 weeks (about 6 months starting at birth) required to grow a pig to slaughter |
| Ad-libitum (pig) | to offer feed without restriction; animals eat as much as they like |
| Parity (pig) | number of different times a female has had offspring |
| Chalaza (poultry) | pairs of spiral bands in the white of an egg that extends from the yolk and attach to opposite ends of the lining membrane |
| Cuticle (poultry) | outer layer or part of an organism that come in contact with the environment |
| Air Cell (poultry) | air space that forms when the contents of the egg cool and contract after the egg is laid |
| Keel bone (poultry) | extension of the sternum which runs axially along the midline of the sternum and extends outward, perpendicular to the plane of the ribs |
| Yield Grade | numbers that estimate the percentage of cutability from a carcass; percentage of closely trimmed, boneless, retail cuts |
| Quality Grade | evaluation of factors that affect palatability of meat (tenderness, juiciness, and flavor) including maturity, firmness, texture, color, and amount and distribution of marbling |
| Ewe (sheep) | female sheep |
| Ram (sheep) | intact male sheep |
| Wether (sheep) | castrated male sheep |
| Lamb (sheep) | young sheep, less than a year of age |
| Mutton (sheep) | meat from a sheep over 2 years old |
| Replacement ewe (sheep) | Ewe lamb raised to replace a ewe who has been culled |
| Lambing Jug (sheep) | Where a ewe and her lamb are placed to bond after birth |
| Flystrike (sheep) | condition where flies lay eggs on an animal which then hatch and develop into maggots |
| Oxytocin (dairy) | used to promote milk letdown in cases of agalactia (lack of milk) and to facilitate treatment of mastitis |
| Mastitis (dairy) | inflammatory response of the udder tissue in the mammary gland caused due to physical trauma or microorganism infections |
| Dry Cow (dairy) | cow which isn't being milked and/or producing milk between lactation and re-breeding |
| Bulk Tank (dairy) | Where all the milk is combined, cooled, and stored before transportation |
| Rumen cannula (dairy) | rubber or plastic medical device placed in the rumen fistula with the goal of keeping the rumen contents in place while allowing access to the rumen |
| Silage (dairy) | fermented pasture feeds to feed cattle during dry seasons or winter |
| Bull (beef) | male cow |
| Cow (beef) | female cow |
| Heifer (beef) | young female cow |
| Steer (beef) | castrated male cattle primarily raised for beef |
| Calf (beef) | baby cow |
| Marbling (beef) | fine flecks of fat that appear within the muscles of red meat |
| Freemartin (beef) | female cow that is born as a twin with a male and is sterile as a result of exposure to masculinizing hormones |
| Service dog | individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability |
| Emotional Support dog | provides emotional support alleviating one or more symptoms or effects of a person's disability (no training) |
| Therapy dogs | volunteer emotional support to groups of people |
| Vapor Wake dogs | trained to sniff out the vapor trail of substances that could be used to make bombs or other explosive devices |
| Foal (horse) | baby horse |
| Filly (horse) | baby female horse |
| Colt (horse) | baby male horse |
| Mare (horse) | adult female horse |
| Stallion (horse) | intact male horse |
| Gelding (horse) | castrated male horse |
| Farrier | specializes in the hoof care of equine such as horses, ponies, mules, and donkeys; typically clean, trim, and shoe horses hooves |
| Halter | headgear that's used to lead or tie up livestock and occasionally other animals; fits behind the ears, around the muzzle |
| Internal Grading (poultry) | albumen cleanliness and viscosity, size of air cell, yolk shape and yolk strength |
| External Grading (poultry) | shell cleanliness, texture, shape |
| What is the mission of Leader Dogs for the Blind? | to provide well trained guide dogs to blind clients free of charge |
| How many dogs does MSU have in the K-9 unit and why? | 8, and they are narcotics and bomb smelling dogs |
| When does a heartbeat appear in an egg embryo? | Day 2 |
| When do the eyes and brain appear in an egg embryo? | Day 4 |
| How many days until a chick hatches from an egg? | 20 |
| What are common external defects of eggs? | Wrinkles, dents, calcium deposits, stains (slight or prominent) pronounced ridges or thin spots |
| What are common internal defects of eggs? | air cell size, yolk and albumen not present |
| What is used to assess poultry welfare? | keel bone damage (keel bone injuries lead to long term chronic pain), feather or plumage coverage (feather damage due to pecking and pulling out from other birds/means), footpad scoring (lesions caused by wet and sticky litter) |
| PXXXXX where the X's are number means what on an egg carton? | the plant number the eggs were packaged |
| How long does a cow lactate for? | 305 days |
| How long is a cow dry for? | 60 days |
| How long is a cows gestation period? | 282-285 days (9 months) |
| What are the primary missions of MSU Horse Teaching and Research Center? | Teaching, research, and extension (reaching out) |
| What breed of horse is the focus of the breeding program at MSU Horse farm? | Quarter horse |
| Who donated the 1st quarter horses to MSU horse farm? | W. K. Kellogg in the 1940's, a stallion and 2 mare's (most if not all of the foals ay MSU bloodlines go back to those mares) |
| What other type of horses was MSU known for in early days? | Belgians and Percheron |
| What other types/breeds of horses might eb found at the MSU horse farm | Dressage horses, Clydesdale (draft), Arabian |
| What's the purpose of having grated stalls and no dropped ceilings over the stalls in the new barn? | ventilation |
| Why does MSU not have automatic waterers indoors? | it's harder to tell if a horse is drinking or not |
| What type of bedding is used at MSU horse farm? | wood shavings (except when birthing straw is used), they used to use newspaper |
| How do you safely approach a horse? | approach at a 45 degree angle on the left side (preferably) with equipment ready and make sure the horse acknowledges your presence, touch the horses shoulder lightly |
| How do you safely halter a horse after approach? | keep all equipment from touching the ground (never on your shoulder and don't go over a horse's sensitive ears), left hand with all equipment over horses neck, grab triangle piece with right hand over horse neck, then nose band and scoop, and buckle |
| Who is MSU's biggest buyer of swine? | U of M |
| How do you properly lead a horse? | hold the metal right below the clasp, stay by the cheek of the horse while walking, loosely an arms length away, lightly pull the rope to direct to stop |
| How do you take a horse's respiration rate and what is the normal respiration rate for a horse? | Right next to eye is an artery to feel her pulse (get a 1 minute rate), another pulse point below the mandible, look at their chest (DON'T LOOK AT NOSTRILS), huge lung capacity listen to all areas, 8 to 16 respiration per minute |
| How do you take a horse's heart rate and what is the normal heart rate for a horse? | 24-44 beats per minute, do both sides (louder on left) right behind the elbow for heart rate with the stethoscope |
| How do you take a horse's temperature and what is the normal temperature for a horse? | 99-101.5 degrees Fahrenheit, rectal temperature on horses, stand to the side of the horse and pretty close to the horse (safer), gently lift her tail and insert the thermometer and wait for the beep |
| What is the Equine Body Condition Scoring system, including the range, the areas of the horse that are evaluated and what you might do if a horse were too fat or too thin? | 1 to 9 (4 to 6 is good) 1 is too thin, 9 is too fat, look at neck, withers, back, shoulder, ribs, weight: use a weight tape (tells weight in pounds and height in hands) wrap around withers (pretty accurate) |
| What are forages and concentrates used at the horse farm? | Grass hay (10-11% crude protein, good for the gut), alfalfa (18-20% crude protein, takes nitrogen from the soil and adds it to its makeup), pellets (mineral and vitamins they need and extra protein) |
| Do horses eat straw? | no, it has no nutritional value and is all lignin |
| What breeds of sheep are found at MSU sheep farm? | Dorset-Polypay |
| What's the difference between a black-faced and a white-faced sheep? | a black-faced sheep has a black face and is usually a club lamb |
| What is the gestation of a sheep? | 145-150 days, around 5 months |
| What age are lambs weaned and marketed? | around 70 days of age |
| What are the main components of lamb processing? | lambing jugs (3 days) then given a visual ear tag, tails are docked, RFID tag too, birth weights taken, sex determined, disinfect naval, mixing pen (3-10 days old) |
| What is accelerated lambing and what nutrient requirement increases in an accelerated lambing program? | each ewe lambs 3 times within a 2 year time frame (every 8 months they lamb again), more nutrients and fed a TMR, grain feed for the creep feeders |
| What is a creep feeder? | a creep feeder allows the young animals to get dry feed that's nutrient dense but stops the mature/older animals from getting to the feed |
| Do feed companies sell more pelleted or wet feeds? | more often dry feeds, wet feeds are typically made on the farm |
| Dry matter | part of feedstuff or other substance which would remain if all its water content was removed |
| What nutrients are included in dry matter feed? | carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants |
| What does water do to the nutrients in feed? | dilutes the feed but the animal eats more of it |
| What does BQA stand for and why is the program important? | beef quality assurance, voluntary program for low-pressure livestock raising (Transport, vaccines, pens) |
| What is a squeeze chute and why is it used? | curved alleyway system (follow the buddy around the corner when they disappear). leads to a chute and squeezes the cattle gently to hold them in place for procedures (weigh, vaccinations, hoof work, medical procedures, ear tagging, pregnant checking, AI) |
| Who was the animal behaviorist who designed the curved squeeze chute concept? | Temple Grandin |
| Define the term flight zone and explain its relevance to low stress cattle handling. What kinds of things might interfere with low stress cattle handling? | personal bubble, how close you can get to them before they're uncomfortable, beef cattle have a large flight zone (100 or even 200 yards), point of balance (front shoulder on cattle) spot we can get them to move from, bad depth perception |
| What breed of purebred (black) cattle do we produce at the MSU BTRC? | purebred angus |
| What are commercial cattle? | cows made strictly for food consumption |
| What Dairy breed might be found at the MSU BTRC? | Holstein |
| What feeds are predominantly fed at the MSU BTRC? | grass (summer), hay, corn silage, soybean meal, distillers meal |
| What is an RFID tag and what are the benefits of the RFID tag? | radio frequency identification tag; used for traceability of diseases |
| What is the purpose of a canulated cow? | for research and to harvest microbes (rarely) |
| What is the California Mastitis Test? | a qualitative measurement of the somatic cell count in milk, is a screening test for subclinical mastitis that can be used easily at cow side |
| What're the normal vitals of a cow? | heart rate of 40-80 beats per minute, 100-102 degree Fahrenheit, 12-36 respirations per minute |
| What is the mission of the MSU dairy farm? | teaching, research, and outreach |
| What type of research does the MSU dairy farm do? | methane and manure uses in electricity and nutrition and metabolism |
| What breed of cow is at MSU dairy farm? | Holstein |
| What are the Dairy cows fed? What is a Total Mixed Ration? | 100 lbs of feed a day. Cows eat TMR (lots of different feed types mixed in). Balanced by cow age and stage of lactation. |
| How is Haylage and Silage made and where is it stored? | haylage and silage is made with alfalfa that's harvested and dumped into a wagon and stuffed into bags and packed and sealed in. It ferments without O2, ferments for 60 days and then can be used. |
| How many gallons of milk do cows produce per day? | an average of 12 gallons |
| How many gallons of water do cows drink a day? | 50 |
| How many times a day are the cows at MSU dairy farm milked? | 3 times per day |
| At what age are dairy heifers bred and at what age do they have their first calf? | they are bred at 15 months old and have the calf at 2 years old |
| For how long do cows lactate and what and for how long is the “dry period”? | lactate for 305 days with a dry period of 60 days, the dry period is . A cow comes into heat every 21 days |
| What is the bulk tank? | all the milk from the cows goes into one large tank to be pasteurized. Comes out of cow at 101.5 and plate cooler is used to bring it down to 55 degrees then to 34 in the tank overnight. |
| What is the purpose of a calf hutch and why is the calf hutch area fenced? | individual calf housing where calves are fed and weaned as they're transitioned to dry feed and they are fenced to stop the spread of diseases |
| How many cows does the cow milking parlor hold at once? | 7 on each side and it takes around 5 minutes to milk each cow (4 hours to milk all the cows at MSU) |
| What is the primary breed of pig at MSU swine farm? | Yorkshire |
| What are the 2 types of ultrasound used at the MSU swine farm? | A mode (single wave, preg tones looking for water sources or the amniotic sacks) and B mode ( visibly see the pregnancy, still looking for amniotic pockets, the size of the pinkie) |
| What happens during piglet processing? | given an iron shot, dock tails through cauterization, nip off natal teeth |
| Why are pigs typically bred via artificial insemination? What type of AI rods does MSU use and what is the conception rate at MSU? | male pigs don't have the capacity to breed as many sows; use plastic rods with foam tips, backwards cork screw, post cervical AI (foam tip with tubing added), filter for the semen, conception rate is mid 90s, low 90s is good, 90-95 |
| What is the process of boar collection as well as the importance of their pheromones, what they are stimulated by, and what boar plug is? | the Boar mounts the metal stand and a worker stimulates him by hand and the plug keeps the semen in her and keeps contaminates out |
| What is a batch system of breeding at MSU swine farm? | breed every 5 weeks, 46-50 pregnant at a time due to farrowing stalls only being 50 available at a time |
| What is the gestation length of a sow? | 114 days |
| What is the market weight of pigs at MSU swine farm? | 40-50 lbs (show), 260 lbs actual (5 months old) at MSU |
| What are the pros and cons of group housing at MSU swine farm? | more fighting, sows are able to move around, over and under feeding of sows |
| True or False: all activities on campus that use animals, including teaching, are required to provide humane care. | True |
| What are the 3 R's of Humane Experimental Technique? | reduction, refinement, and replacement |
| Who is responsible for animal care? | veterinarians, faculty and staff, students, farm managers |
| True or False: when working with animals on campus, we must protect both ourselves and the animals. | True |
| A disease whose pathogenic agents can be transmitted from animals to humans is considered to be | zoonotic or zoonoses |
| What are means by which diseases could be transmitted from animals to humans? | bite, ingestion, mucous membranes, broken skin |
| What diseases may be transmitted via broken skin or mucous membranes? | ringworm |
| What diseases may be contracted via ingestion? | salmonella |
| What is the rule of 50 in 5? | pigs will eat 50lb of feed in 5 days |
| True or False: MSU does NOT allow outside pigs in. | True |
| True or False: Growing pigs have a lower protein requirement than sows. | False |
| How old are piglets when they are weaned at the MSU Swine Farm? | 28 days old |
| True or False: a farrow-to-finish operation is what MSU has; piglets are born on the farm and then fed until they reach market weight (this does not include their show pigs). | True |
| What is true about a boar plug? | it follows the boar's ejaculation, it's the gelatinous portion of ejaculation, and its purpose is to keep semen in the female |
| Where on a boar do pheromones exist? | a boar's skin |
| True or False: the Preg-tone (A-mode) ultrasound can give a false positive by picking up fluid in the bladder. | True |
| True or False: when moving pigs, it is safest to stand with your feet together while bracing yourself. | False |
| What AI rods does MSU use? | PCAI |
| True or False: You can call all the animals at the MSU Beef TRC cows. | False |
| What is the term given to cattle who are bred and raised for the sole purpose of going into the food production cycle? These cattle are also oftentimes crossbred. | commercial |
| True or False: the cattle at the Beef TRC (including the cow-calf unit) are never on pasture. | False |
| True or False: about 65% of the cows and heifers at the MSU Beef TRC will get pregnant from AI. After that, the other 35% are bred by using clean-up bulls. | True |
| What tool is not usually needed on a beef farm, but when it is, it is used to dig out abscesses in hooves? | hoof knife |
| What is the BQA and why is it important? | Beef Quality Assurance: beef producers enrolled in it are producing quality beef, beef producers are required to have proper administration of antibiotics, and beef producers are required to have the least stressful environments for their cattle |
| Where is the point of balance in cattle? | their shoulder |
| If you are sorting cattle on a beef operation and go towards their head, what are they likely to do? | move backwards or away from you |
| What is the flight zone in cattle? | their personal bubble |
| The hydraulic handling system at the MSU beef farm does what? | weighs the animals and inputs data into a computer using their RFID (or EID), squeeze the sides of the animals so they are more secure, and safely restrains the animals for vaccinations |
| What was the MSU Horse Farm known for before the current main breed? | Belgians |
| On average, how many foals are born each year at the MSU Horse Farm? | 10-12 foals |
| True or False: the indoor arena does not have the ability to be heated. | False |
| Where do you look to measure a horse's respiration rate? | a horse's flank |
| What would be a good body condition score for a horse? | 5 |
| If a horse's ribs were showing and their hips and withers were pronounced, which body condition score might be appropriate? | 2 |
| True or False: It is best to approach a horse from behind when haltering. | False |
| You are responsible for an adult horse that seems a bit "off". Upon taking it's vital signs, you decide to call a veterinarian. Which of the following vital signs would lead you to that conclusion? | Temperature of 103 degree Fahrenheit (normal respiration of 11 breaths per minute and heart rate of 33 bpm) |
| What would you expect to see in a horse that was a body condition score 8? | a crease over the loin, fat over the crest of the neck, a spongy tailhead |
| Which forage has little leaves and a higher protein content? | alfalfa hay |
| What percentage of a horse's bodyweight would you feed to a horse? | 2% |
| How old are dairy heifers when they have their first calf? | 2 years old |
| What is meant by "dry cow"? | a cow that is not milking and is in the last two months before calving |
| What ingredients are in a dairy cow diet, according to lab? | cottonseed, haylage, and soybean meal |
| True or False: If a cow gets an infection and is treated with antibiotics, those antibiotics are then transferred to the milk and mixed in with the rest of the milk in the bulk tank. From there, it is undetectable and will not show up in any tests. | False |
| True or False: Ketosis is good in cows because it makes them lose weight. | False |
| True or False: cows hate hot weather. | True |
| What body temperature would cause concern in dairy cattle? | 104 degrees Fahrenheit |
| What are all parts of the cow's stomach? | abomasum, omasum, rumen, reticulum |
| In terms of feeding dairy cattle, what is unique about the energy requirements of a fresh cow? | higher energy requirements |
| Which cows have the highest risk for disease? | fresh cows |
| True or False: a working dog is the same as a service dog. | False |
| What is true with respect to a Service Dog (or other animal)? | It must perform a specific task or tasks for an individual with a disability. |
| Why doesn't Leader Dogs for the Blind use shelter dogs? | they frequently do not pass the health screening after adoption, they are usually not the preferred breeds, and they have poor temperaments |
| What is true with respect to dogs in the MSU K-9 Unit? | in normal years the dogs are used to check for explosives on football Saturdays, obedience is a key part of training a patrol dog, they may have more than one "job" (except for the Vapor Wake dogs), and they must have excellent recall. |
| How are Police Dogs trained to work? | Using their ball/toy drive |
| Why is the MSU Meat Lab kept below 40 F? | to limit bacterial growth |
| True or False: the stunning process renders animals insensitive to pain. | True |
| True or False: smoked meats in the MSU Meat Lab receive a secondary internal check with a thermometer to ensure they have been properly cooked. | True |
| What is true with regard to meat processing in the MSU Meat Lab? | USDA inspection is required, humane animal treatment is of utmost concern, and worker safety is important |
| True or False: Beef, Hogs, Lambs and Poultry are all processed at the MSU Meat Lab. | True |
| True or False: Federal inspection of meat intended for sale is not mandatory. | False |
| True or False: the more ossification of cartilage, the older the animal was prior to processing. | True |
| What factors are used to estimate yield grade? | hot carcass weight, kidney, pelvic, and heart fat, ribeye area |
| What is a lean cut from pork? | Boston butt, ham, loin, and picnic shoulder |
| Why is a certain diet (called a flushing diet) given to ewes that need to be bred at the MSU Sheep TRC? | it is given to ewes that are about to be bred because the increase in energy helps their bodies think they can breed |
| What are parts of a potential sheep diet? | corn silage, haylage, and mineral mix |
| Why does MSU use a rotational grazing system? | it helps keep parasites at bay |
| What is the most popular protein source for livestock? | soybean meal |
| True or False: grass hay has more energy than alfalfa hay. | False |
| This provides calcium in the diet. What is it? | limestone |
| A chicken egg hatches in about: | 3 weeks |
| The structure that prevents the embryo (or yolk) from moving around in the egg is: | chalaza |
| An egg carton's Julian date would be ____ if the eggs were packaged on January 23rd. | 023 (number of days into the year the date is) |
| How are eggs graded in the poultry industry? | using both internal and external quality |
| What are possible disease fomites on poultry operations? | vehicles, rodents, and clothing |
| True or False: a chicken's feathers, keel bones, and feet are ways of determining welfare. | True |
| True or False: the air cell forms before the egg is laid by the hen. | False |
| What are external defects in egg grading? | checked, cracked, calcium depsoits |
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