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NBFE - Chapter 33
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| There has been _____ awareness of the importance of preserving our natural resources | increasing |
| It is becoming more important to assess the environmental _____ of agricultural production | impacts |
| Forage agriculture makes numerous _____ contributions but there are concerns | positive |
| _____ _____ is often brought into discussions of ecology and the enviornment. | Greenhouse Effect |
| Greenhouse Effect, basically, results in _____ of the sun's energy reaching Earth and being held under a blank of _____ _____ and other pollutants rather than being deflected back into space. | more; carbon dioxide |
| Increase in the carbon dioxide concentration of Earth's atmosphere from burning of _____ _____ contribute to the Greenhouse Effect. | Fossil Fuels |
| _____ _____ discussions have resulted in much focus on carbon sequestration. | Climate Change |
| What is the transfer of carbon from the atmosphere to soil, plants, and other forms of life? | Carbon Sequestration |
| During photosynthesis, plants consume carbon dioxide and release _____. | oxygen |
| High leaf area of most forage canopies makes them more _____ in photosynthesis. | efficient |
| _____ grasslands make a significant contribution in regards to photosynthesis efficiency due to occupying a large portion of the world's land area. | perennial |
| The _____ _____ characteristics of grasslands have long been recognized but often are forgotten or ignored on many farms. | soil improvement |
| After land has been devoted to perennial forages for several year, the trend is for subsequent arable crops to _____ _____ than would otherwise have been the case. | produce better |
| The use of forages in _____ _____ can provide substantial benefits. | crop rotations |
| Forages in rotation with _____ _____ interrupt weed, disease, insect, and nematode cycles. | row crops |
| Forages can improve water and air movement and enhance _____ _____ | root penetration |
| Crops that follow forages in rotation will be more _____ and healthy | productive |
| Crops that follow forages in rotation will be more productive and _____ | healthy |
| Perennial grasslands tend to make the soil more suitable for subsequent arable crops in other ways, including improving soil _____ | tilth |
| Soil tilth is _____ due to the activity of earthworms, soil insects, and micro-organisms. | improved |
| Soil tilth is improved due to the activity of _____, soil insects, and micro-organisms. | earthworms |
| Organisms in the soil improves _____ _____ capacity. | nutrient holding |
| When forage legumes are used in rotation, other crops benefit from substantial quantities of _____ _____ fixed by the legumes. | residual nitrogen. |
| _____ _____ is a basic, desirable agronomic practice that enhances long-term soil productivity. | crop rotation |
| _____ _____ is also a concern of many environmentally minded persons. | energy conservation |
| _____ _____ into grassland systems are usually far les than for row crop production. | energy inputs |
| Where perennial forages are grown, _____-_____ tillage is generally limited to establishment. | fuel burning |
| _____-_____ planting can be used to establish forage crops | no tillage |
| _____ _____ from grazing animals lowers fertilizer inputs as compared to row crop production. | nutrient recycling |
| _____ _____ tends to be lower on grasslands than other crop areas. | pesticide usage |
| Enhancement of _____ _____ with forage plants began in the southern US when Indians periodically burned patches of woodlands. | wildlife populations |
| Woodland burning by Indians resulted in _____ of open areas and stimulation of native grasses favored many types of wildlife and helped ensure hunting success. | development |
| Woodland burning by Indians resulted in development of open areas and _____ of native grasses favored many types of wildlife and helped ensure hunting success. | stimulation |
| Many of the forage species normally planted for livestock in the Southern US are also commonly planted for _____ _____ | game animals |
| Deer and wild turkeys consume substantial quantities of _____ _____ | green materials |
| _____ consume insects and seed of forage crops. | birds |
| _____ _____ and rabbits use forage crops for food and cover | small animals |
| _____ and non-game wildlife benefit from having access to forage crops | game |
| Wildlife population are usually favored when a farm has a _____ of crops, pasture, and woodland. | mixture |
| Forage and livestock production is more _____ friendly overall than many other land uses. | environmentally |
| _____ _____ of pastureland on some farms results in environmental problems, particularly with regard to water quality. | improper managmement |
| _____-_____ source contamination of water is of increasing concern. | non point |
| Nonpoint source contamination of water arises primarily due to _____ _____ of land resources. | improper managment |
| _____ occupy more than _____ million acres in the southern US. | seventy five |
| The _____ _____ of even small improvements applied broadly can have a large influence on the environment. | accumulative impact |
| _____ _____ of many wells and surface waters can be ensured or improved by good management practices. | water quality |
| Good water quality management techniques are typically neither _____ nor expensive to employ. | difficult |
| Good water quality management techniques are typically neither difficult nor _____ to employ. | expensive |
| Soil erosion, nutrients in runoff water and _____ _____ of water source by animals are factors that can lead to water quality problems in pastures. | direct contamination |
| It has long been recognized that _____ the soil is extremely important to individual farmers and landowners as well as to our nation. | preserving |
| Concern about soil conservation led to the creation of the _____ _____ Service | Soil Conservation |
| What is the current name of the Soil Conservation Service? | Natural Resources Conservation Service |
| _____ (acronym) is a federal agency that has been remarkably effective in reducing soil erosion. | NRCS |
| _____ and _____ erosion remains a serious problem in the southern US | wind water |
| _____ erosion is caused by numerous damaging effects. | soil |
| Streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes become polluted with _____ _____ | soil sediment |
| Soil sediment can have _____ affects on fish and other marine life. | adverse |
| _____, both indigenous and applied, are lost along with soil and also contribute to lowered water quality. | nutrients |
| _____ and _____ are created, making the land more difficult to use for agricultural purposes. | gullies rills |
| When _____ is lost, the remaining eroded soil is lower in organic matter and fertility. | topsoil |
| _____ must take responsibility for soil erosion, because nature endeavors to avoid it. | humans |
| If left along, with no interference from man, almost any area in the southern US will soon develop a _____ _____ that protects the soil from erosion. | vegetative cover |
| While nature will protect the soil, it does not normally _____ _____ and profits to the extent that humans need and expect. | generate food |
| One solution to the soil erosion dilemma is to use _____ _____ methods from crop production. | proper tillage |
| One should use more _____ for purposes other than agriculture | erodible |
| Most farms in the southern US have significant acreage that should either not be tilled or be tilled _____. | infrequently |
| For millions of acres of highly erodible land, growing _____ _____ is an alternative to row crop production. | forage crops |
| _____ _____ sods are particularly effective in reducing soil erosion losses. | perennial grass |
| Forages may be used to _____ erosion. | reduce |
| Some good examples of forage crop applications include _____ _____, grassed terraces, strip cropping, and long-term rotations. | grassed waterways |
| Some good examples of forage crop applications include grassed waterways, _____ _____, strip cropping, and long-term rotations. | grassed terraces |
| Some good examples of forage crop applications include grassed waterways, grassed terraces, _____ _____, and long-term rotations. | strip cropping |
| Many do not realize the impact of _____ erosion. | unchecked |
| Once serious erosion damage has occurred, _____ will be greatly reduced for many years. | porductivity |
| Many industrial construction sites, roadbanks, parks, landfills, mine reclamation sites, and portions of golf courses are _____ for forage crops. | seeded |
| In soils devoid of top soil, there will be low soil _____ and often high soil acidity. | fertility |
| In soils devoid of top soil, there will be low soil productivity and often high soil _____. | acidity |
| Mixtures of annual and perennial grasses and legumes can be seeded together to _____ soil quickly. | stabalize |
| With time and proper management, most _____ or critical areas can be stabilized. | disturbed |
| Soil can also be improved with the addition of _____ _____ | organic matter |
| _____ and rill erosion can result rom large quantities of water flowing across pasture areas with this vegetation. | sheet |
| Erosion is most likely to occur on slopes of greater than _____ percent. | five |
| Erosion is most likely to occur on slopes of greater than 5%, especially if the soil is _____ textured | fine |
| Gullies form when _____ water eats away at erodible soil. | concentrated |
| If allowed, _____ form traffic paths in which no plants can survive, which creates a place for erosion to begin. | livestock |
| Poor forage stand, _____ _____ and low plant vigor, and overgrazing contribute to excessive erosion. | infertile soil |
| Poor forage stand, infertile soil and low plant vigor, and _____ contribute to excessive erosion. | overgrazing |
| _____ areas are transition zones between streams and the surrounding areas. | riparian |
| Riparian areas are environmentally _____ | sensitive |
| Livestock traffic can lead to excessive _____ erosion and the likelihood of washouts. | bank |
| Planting a _____ _____ on summer row crop land can be beneficial both environmentally and economically. | cover crop |
| Cover crops are beneficial in the following ways: _____ erosion in the winter, improving soil structure, creating root channels, preventing leaching of nutrients, and fixing oxygen. | reducing |
| Cover crops are beneficial in the following ways: reducing erosion in the winter, improving soil structure, creating root _____, preventing leaching of nutrients, and fixing oxygen. | channels |
| Cover crops are beneficial in the following ways: reducing erosion in the winter, improving soil structure, creating root channels, preventing _____ of nutrients, and fixing oxygen. | leaching |
| Cover crops are beneficial in the following ways: reducing erosion in the winter, improving soil structure, creating root channels, preventing leaching of nutrients, and _____ oxygen. | fixing |
| Interest in using cover crops has _____ greatly in recent years. | increased |
| Winter cover crops can be used to provide _____ for farm livestock and wildlife. | grazing |
| Improvement of _____ _____ has become one of the nation's top priorities. | water quality |
| Without water, there is _____ life. | no |
| _____ of water jeopardizes all life. | contamination |
| In most areas, the primary contaminant of water is soil _____ matter. | particulate |
| Growing _____ crops greatly reduces erosion. | forage |
| If the percentage of cropland devoted to forage crops were _____ increased, there would be a considerable improvement in overall water quality. | substantially |
| If the percentage of cropland devoted to forage crops were substantially increased, there would be a considerable _____ in overall water quality. | improvement |
| Another primary concern is the contamination of water by _____ compounds. | inorganic |
| Contamination by _____ are more uncommon. | nitrates |
| _____ _____ is sometimes perceived as being a common agricultural practice that causes nitrate contamination, but under-fertilization is most likely the case. | over fertilization |
| Farmers cannot _____ money buying more fertilizer than needed. | waste |
| many croplands are _____ in the primary nutrients. | deficient |
| Excessive quantities of nutrients, especially _____ and phosphorus may contaminate surface water. | nitrogen |
| On porous soils, _____-_____ can contaminate well water. | nitrate nitrogen |
| Much progress has been made to avoid issues with _____ contamination. | nitrogen |
| When livestock are produced on pasture, the likelihood of _____ contamination of water is much lower. | nutrient |
| A thick cover of _____ forages, reduces runoff. | perennial |
| Relatively few _____ are used in forage crop production, so contamination is rarely a problem. | pesticides |
| Forage crops, especially perennial grasses, form dense _____ _____ that serve as a filter to remove contaminants. | root systems |
| In pasture lacking a good forage stand, serious _____ and nutrient runoff problems can occur. | erosion |
| In pasture lacking a good forage stand serious erosion and nutrient _____ problems can occur. | runoff |
| Animal waste contains _____ bacteria that can contaminate water and pose a health threat to other animals and humans. | pathogenic |
| Livestock foot _____ may increase erosion and reduce soil water infiltration. | traffic |
| Livestock foot traffic may increase erosion and reduce soil water _____. | infiltration |
| To reduce hazards, animal _____ and _____ need to be kept away from surface water. | dung urine |
| Frequent concentration of livestock in the same area of a pasture should be _____ | disouraged |
| In order to minimize _____ degradation, it is important to restrict animal access to streams. | streambank |
| Livestock should be encouraged to spend as little time as possible in _____ areas. | riparian |
| When runoff from upland pastures flows across arable land, this results in nutrients and _____ from pastures reaching streams. | bacteria |
| A _____ _____ catches much of the material that would otherwise contribute to stream pollution. | buffer strip |
| A _____ _____ consists of a combination of trees, shrubs, and/or grasses along a stream. | buffer strip |
| As environmental _____ increase, waste disposal becomes a more important concern. | awareness |
| Millions of ____ of broiler litter is produced in the southern US each year. | tons |
| Animal wastes must be _____ of in environmentally acceptable ways. | disposed |
| A large _____ of animal waste produced is spread on forage crops. | percentage |
| Beef cattle and poultry often make a highly _____ enterprise on the farm because poultry litter can be used as a nutrient source for pasture growth. | complementary |
| In recent decades poultry production has increased and so has _____ production in the same areas. | cattle |
| Concern about safe disposal of _____ and industrial waste has also increased. | municipal |
| Forages such as hybrid bermudagrasses that have a high yield potential can absorb nitrate and potentially harmful materials from applied _____ . | effluent |
| Bermudagrass is increasingly being used as a vegetative _____ for waste disposal areas. | cover |
| It is often _____ feasible for livestock producers to use waste materials as a source of nutrients for pasture production. | economically |
| Many of the waste disposal nutrients release slowly so they are environmentally and agronomically _____. | desirable |
| Disposal waste contains organic compounds like nitrogen and phosphorus so there is a potential to jeopardize _____ quality when applied to pastures. | water |
| Applying disposal waste at extremely high rates or in _____ areas is environmentally unsound practice. | sensitive |
| Potential for runoff from applied waste increase _____ with the amount applied. | linearly |
| Water contamination is most likely to occur when a _____ rainfall event occurs soon after application. | heavy |
| In many situations where waste materials are applied to pastures, the fate of nitrogen is of great interest because of concerns about environmental _____. | protection |
| _____ volatilization is an avenue of nitrogen loss from applied waste materials. | ammonia |
| Ammonia volatilization is impacted by varying _____, humidity and other factors. | temperature |
| Ammonia volatilization is impacted by varying temperature, _____, and other factors. | humidity |
| Waste application rates should be based on the _____ and need for nutrients as well as the runoff and erosion potential of a field. | availability |
| States have different _____ for application of waste materials and these should be strictly followed. | states |
| When waste is applied by injection the ammonia volatilization rate is _____ % | five |
| When waste is applied by sprinkling the ammonia volatilization rate is _____ % | twenty five |
| When waste is applied by injection the ammonia volatilization rate varies based on soil temperature and _____ | moisture |
| Warm _____ soil ammonia volatilization rates range from 30-50%. | Dry |
| Warm wet soil ammonia volatilization rates range from 10 - _____% | thirty |
| Cool wet soil ammonia volatilization rates range from _____ - 10% | zero |
| Most _____ producers want their operations to be environmentally friendly and are willing to expend effort to ensure this is the case | livestock |
| The problems that occur with livestock producers are mostly due to lack of _____ of the impacts of various management practices. | understanding |
| Lack of _____ is another issue that livestock producers face when they desire to be environmental stewards of the land. | awareness |
| As the human population increase in rural areas, there is more concern by the general _____ regarding agricultural practices. | public |
| It is in the best interest of livestock producers to minimize environmental hazards. | minimize |
| When land is cleared, _____ plant a vegetative cover. | quickly |
| Keep pastures healthy and _____ by applying lime and fertilizer according to soil test recommendations. | vigorous |
| Use a no-till _____ as needed to thicken forage stands, especially in areas that are vulnerable to erosion. | seeder |
| _____ animals from steep pastures during wet weather. | remove |
| Use _____ stocking to minimize the opportunity livestock have to form trails. | rotational |
| Keep stocking _____ low enough that a good vegetative cover is maintained in the pasture. | rate |
| avoid feeding hay on _____ slopes or near streams. | steep |
| Place _____ water sources and mineral feeders away from surface water and erodible areas. | alternative |
| Provide shade for animals in places other than along _____ areas or near surface water. | riparian |
| Remove trees from stream _____ areas. | crossing |
| _____ livestock out of streams or other surface water areas. | fence |
| Apply waste materials in accordance with _____ disposal quidelines | state |
| _____ application of waste materials in highly erodible areas. | avoid |
| Plant _____ vegetation strips along riparian areas to filter out wastes. | buffer |
| Locate new animal _____ facilities on a level site and at least 200 feet away from surface water. | working |
| Minimize the number of _____ crossings through streams and locate crossings for minimum impact. | vehicle |
| Many people fin that there is something particularly restful, _____, and satisfying in watching animals graze. | peaceful |
| Millions of people, appreciate a _____ scene | pastoral |
| Just as many people appreciate a _____ or a other natural settings. | woodlands |
| The key to developing a particularly keen appreciation of forage crops comes from learning more about them and from exposure to _____, positive examples. | successful |
| Forage crops improve the _____ of rural settings and are appreciated by many people. | appearance |
| A knowledgeable person can also develop an appreciation for such things as _____, high forage nutritive value, economy of production, low weed populations, long grazing seasons, and little or no soil erosion. | productivity |
| A knowledgeable person can also develop an appreciation for such things as productivity, high forage nutritive value, _____ of production, low weed populations, long grazing seasons, and little or no soil erosion. | economy |
| A knowledgeable person can also develop an appreciation for such things as productivity, high forage nutritive value, economy of production, low _____ populations, long grazing seasons, and little or no soil erosion. | weed |
| Appreciation of forage crop _____ and value is a seldom-mentioned aspect of forage/livestock enterprises. | aesthetics |
| As knowledge of forages increases, so does _____ | satisfaction |
| Producers who have an appreciation for beautiful, productive forages tend to _____ beautiful, productive forages. | grow |
| Knowledgeable producers tend to have efficient, _____, and environmentally friendly livestock operations. | profitable |
| Agricultural production is _____, but it must also be protective of the environment. | essential |
| It can be argued that agriculture and nature are rarely in better _____ than with grassland/animal production. | harmony |
Created by:
farmwife1992
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