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MN - Week 9
Into To Pain Assessment, Neurological And Musculoskeletal Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Pain | An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that may or may not cause tissue damage. |
| What Is The Function Of Pain? | To alert an individual to a stimulus/remove them from a stimulus. |
| What Is The Difference Between Acute And Chronic Pain? | -Acute pain is short in duration and often a result of tissue injury -Chronic pain is prolonged (for 3-6 months, and over), and serves no function |
| What Is The Pathophysiology Of Chronic Pain? | Nocicereceptors (pain receptors) become more sensitised: the threshold lowers with overuse, resulting in receptors firing when they usually shouldn't. |
| Why Are Pain Scales Important? | -Pain is subjective and an individual experience - how we perceive pain will influence how we perceive another's pain -Validated from of scoring |
| What Are Some Examples Of Feline Acute Pain Scales? | -Colorado state uni (simple, descriptive scale, not validated) -Feline grimace scale (simple, descriptive scale, validated) -Glasgow Composite Scale and botucatu scale (multi-dimensional scales, validated) |
| What Are Some Examples Of Feline Chronic Pain Scales? | -Feline musculoskeletal pain index (developed for chronic pain and OA, validated) -Quality of life scales (karnofsky score) – owner use |
| What Are Some Examples Of Canine Acute Pain Scales? | -Colorado state uni (simple, descriptive scale, not validated) -Glasgow composite measure pain scale (multidimensional, validated scale) |
| What Are Some Examples Of Canine Chronic Pain Scales? | -Canine brief pain inventory (developed for chronic pain and OA, validated) -Quality of life scales |
| What Validated Pain Scores Are Available Fr Small Furries? | -Grimace scales -Bristol rabbit pain scale |
| What Is Panosteitis And What Causes This? | -Referred to as growing pains -Idiopathic, causes increased pressure in the medullar cavity of bone -Effects medium/large breed dogs during growth |
| What Are The Clinical Signs And Treatment For Panosteitis? | -Lameness, pain and pyrexia -Analgesia and rest |
| What Are The Three Causes Of Elbow Dysplasia? | -Fragmented coronoid process -Ununited anconeal process -Osteochondritis dissecans |
| What Structures Changes Occur Due to Hip Dysplasia? | Flattening of the femoral head, and wearing of the socket. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Hip Dysplasia? | -Lameness -Hip instability -Muscle atrophy -Bunny hoping gait -Pain -Weakness in the hindlimbs |
| What Are The Potential Treatments For Hip Dysplasia? | -Conservative: pain relief, nutraceuticals, pain management, physiotherapy -Surgical: femoral head and neck excision, total hip replacement |
| What Is The Function Of The Cruciate Ligament? | To prevent rotation of the stifle. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Cruciate Ligament Disease? | -Lameness -Stiffness -Reduced ROM -Instability of the joint -Joint swelling -Muscle atrophy -Positive cranial drawer test -Posture: will sit down with effected limb held straight |
| What Is The Treatment For Cruciate Ligament Disease? | -Analgesia -Restricted exercise -Physiotherapy -Hydrotherapy -Nutraceuticals -Surgical options: TPLO |
| Define Arthritis | Inflammation of the joint. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Immune Mediated Polyarthritis? | -Pyrexia -Inappetence -Multiple joint involvement -Other signs of systemic disease |
| What Causes Immune Mediated Polyarthritis And How Can It Be Treated? | -Infectious agent, or can be idiopathic -Steroids |
| What Is Septic Arthritis And How Is It Diagnosed? | -Infection within the joint space -Joint fluid samples, radiography, and presenting signs |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Septic Arthritis? | -Joint swelling -Pain -Lameness -Pyrexia -Lethargy -Inappetence |
| What Causes Osteoarthritis? | -Abnormal forces on normal cartilage -Normal forces on abnormal cartilage |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Osteoarthritis? | -Stiff on rising -Lameness -Reduced ROM -Crepitus -Unwilling to exercise -Quieter than usual -Joint effusion or swelling |
| What Clinical Signs Of Osteoarthritis Are Specific To Cats? | -Reduced mobility -Reduced activity: may struggle with jumps -Altered grooming -Changes in temperament |
| How Is Osteoarthritis Diagnosed? | -Full history -Clinical exam -Radiography -Assessment tools (COAST OA staging tool, LOAD questionnaire, chronic pain scales) |
| How Is Osteoarthritis Managed? | -Analgesia -Librela (Dogs) -Solensia (Cats) -Weight loss -Nutraceuticals -Environmental changes -Soft bedding -Gentle regular exercise -Physiotherapy / Hydrotherapy -Owner support |
| What Is Osteosarcoma? | -Form of neoplasia effecting long bones away from elbow towards stifle -Replaces bone with cancerous tissue, causing pressure and pain -May result in pathological fractures -Metastasises to the lungs |
| How Is Osteosarcoma Treated? | -Very aggressive and poor prognosis: amputation of limb to attempt to stop spread -Chemotherapy/radiotherapy |
| Define Ataxia | Loss of coordination of movement. |
| Define Paresis | Neurological weakness of the limb. |
| Define Paralysis | Inability to move the limb. |
| Define Hemiplegia | Paralysis of one side of the body. |
| Define Paraplegia | Paralysis of both forelimbs or both hindlimbs. |
| Define Quadriplegia | Paralysis of all four limbs. |
| What Is A Seizure? | A period of disorganised brain activity due to overstimulation of the central nervous system. |
| What Are Some Potential Causes Of Seizures? | -Metabolic -Epilepsy -Neoplasia -Idiopathic -Toxins -Infections -Trauma |
| What Are The Three Seizure Stages? | -Pre-ictal -Ictal -Post-ictal |
| What May Prolonged Seizure Activity Result In? | Brain damage. |
| What First Aid Should Be Provided To Seizure Patients? | -Advise owner to darken room, ensure patient safety, and avoid noise stimulation -Time the seizure, if longer than 5mins potential for status epilepticus -Check for toxin ingestion, trauma: seizure cause -Meds (diazepam), IV access |
| What Are The Long Term Treatments For Seizure Patients? | -Stabilise on Iife-long medication -Regular blood tests |
| What Is The Function Of The Vestibular System? | Provides balance and posture, and sense of orientation. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Vestibular Disease? | -Head tilt -Ataxia -Circling -Nystagmus -Rolling/falling over -Vomiting/lethargy |
| What Are The Treatments And Nursing Care For Vestibular Disease? | -Provide a safe and padded environment -Assisted walking and toileting -Medication |
| What Is E.Cuniculi? | -Protozoal infection in rabbits -Effects brain and kidneys (neurological signs) -Protozoa shed in urine |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of E.Cuniculi? | -Head tilt -Hind limb paresis/paralysis -Tremors -Convulsions -Urinary incontinence -Cataracts |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Senile Cognitive Dysfunction? | -Disorientation -Interacts with others less -Sleep pattern disturbed -House training lost -Altered activity level |
| What Is The Management For Senile Cognitive Dysfunction? | -Medication (propentofylline (vivitonin – increases blood flow to brain), selegiline (selgian), aktivait) -Diet, high in antioxidants -Environmental enrichment – ‘use it or lose it’ -Owner support |
| What Are The Two Types Of Intervertebral Disc Disease? | Hansen's type I and II. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Intervertebral Disk Disease? | -Pain -Proprioceptive deficits -Loss of skin sensation -Loss of deep pain -Reflexes absent -Urinary/faecal incontinence |
| What Conservative Treatment Is Available For Intervertebral Disc Disease? | -Strict cage rest -Analgesia -Physiotherapy -Nursing care -Manual expression of the bladder |
| What Is Canine Degenerative Myelopathy? | Progressive loss of nerve function. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Canine Degenerative Myelopathy? | -Ataxia -Paresis -Paralysis of hind limbs -Loss of control of urination/defecation |
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