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Nutrition Lecture 6
Minerals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| minerals | inorganic components of foods and tissues |
| despite making up less than 1% of the body, minerals are essential for: | bone/cartilage formation, enzyme reactions, maintenance of fluid balance, movement of oxygen in blood, muscle contractions, nerve impulse transmission, hormone production |
| macrominerals | found in larger amounts than microminerals |
| 7 macrominerals for cats and dogs | calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, potassium, sodium, chloride, sulfur |
| microminerals | called trace minerals, are required in very small amounts |
| 4 microminerals for cats and dogs | iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine |
| inorganic | meaning they are incombustible (do not burn, even at high temperatures) |
| macrominerals are stated as what on the label? | percent (%) |
| microminerals are stated as what on the label? | mg |
| calcium | most abundant mineral in the body; 99% found in skeleton, 1% found in fluids within/between cells |
| calcium has an essential role in | normal bone/teeth development and maintenance, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, enzyme system activation, normal cell membrane permeability, heart function, intercellular messaging |
| sources of calcium | dairy products, legumes, muscle meat, fish, poultry, organ tissue |
| calcium deficiency | can result in weak or deformed bones |
| calcium toxicity | can trigger osteochondrosis and decrease bone density |
| phosphorous | in combination with calcium, about 85% found in bones and teeth |
| phosphorous has an essential role in | all the body's metabolic processes, important structural component of bone/teeth, component of phospholipids, required for energy production |
| sources of phosphorous | dairy products, legumes, fish, meat, poultry, organ meats |
| phosphorous toxicity | excessive levels can inhibit calcium absorption |
| calcium/phosphorous ratio in canines | 1.2-1.4:1 (Ca:Ph) |
| calcium/phosphorous ratio in felines | 1.0-6.1:1 (Ca:Ph) |
| magnesium | commonly found in soft tissues and the skeleton, present in the fluid within cells |
| magnesium has an essential role in | structural support to bones, metabolic processes, acts as a catalyst for many enzymes, helps maintain body fluid balance, enables muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission |
| sources of magnesium | dairy products, legumes, whole grains |
| clinical signs of Mg deficiency in puppies | depression, lethargy, muscle weakness |
| magnesium toxicity | excessive Mg in the diet of cats has been implicated as a risk factor for struvite urolithiasis |
| potassium | primary positively-charged electrolyte found in fluid inside body cells |
| potassium has an essential role in | maintaining acid-base balance, maintaining proper fluid volume by providing osmotic force, transmitting nerve impulses, muscle contraction, serving as a cofactor in several enzyme reactions |
| sources of potassium | meat, poultry, fish, whole grain cereals, soybean meal, fiber sources (sunflower hulls, rice bran), yeast |
| sodium | electrolyte that is essential for all animals |
| sodium has an essential role in | maintaining osmotic pressure, regulating acid-base balance, transmitting nerve impulses, maintaining cell membrane permeability, removing waste products from cells, maintaining water balance within tissues and organs, influences calcium absorption |
| sources of sodium | dairy products, meat, poultry, fish, egg whites |
| sodium deficiency | decreased use of digested protein and energy |
| sodium toxicity | rare; kidney excretes excess via urine |
| chloride | important electrolyte needed for regulating normal osmotic pressure, water balance, and acid-base balance in the body |
| chloride has an essential role in | element of hydrochloric acid (HCl) produced in the stomach; plays an important role in starting the digestive process |
| sources of chloride | consumed in conjunction with sodium |
| chloride deficiency | uncommon; diarrhea and/or vomiting |
| chloride toxicity | excess chloride through excretion in urine |
| sulfur | required by the body for the synthesis for a number of sulfur-containing compounds |
| sources of sulfur | amino acids methionine and cystine provide most of the dietary sulfur |
| iron | most of the body's iron is present in 2 proteins (hemoglobin and myoglobin); also a cofactor |
| hemoglobin | found in RBCs, transports oxygen via the bloodstream from the lungs to all body tissues |
| myoglobin | found in muscle cells, binds oxygen for immediate use by muscle cells |
| sources of iron | liver, kidney, meat, egg yolks, fish, legumes, whole grains |
| iron deficiency | anemia |
| iron toxicity | too much can interfere with phosphorous absorption |
| zinc | involved with more than 200 enzymes and in many body functions |
| zinc has an essential role in | normal bone development, normal immune system function, normal reproduction, DNA/RNA synthesis, antioxidant processes, hormone production, carbohydrate/fat/protein metabolism |
| sources of zinc | both plant and animal sources |
| zinc deficiency | decreased growth rate, anorexia, impaired reproduction, depressed immune function, conjunctivitis, skin disorders |
| copper | required for normal absorption and transportation of dietary iron, involved with melanin production, connective tissue synthesis, energy production, and protection from free radical damage |
| sources of copper | meat ingredients, especially organ meats |
| copper deficiency | anemia, loss of hair coat pigmentation, poor skeletal growth |
| copper toxicity | 'copper storage disease', inherited disorder of copper metabolism that leads to copper toxicity and the buildup of copper deposits in the liver (Bedlington terriers, Westies, Dobermans, Cocker Spaniels) |
| manganese | component of several enzymes involved in the metabolism of amino acids and fats, essential for bone and cartilage formation, growth, and reproduction |
| sources of manganese | legumes, whole grain cereals, menhaden fish meal, dicalcium phosphate a good source |
| iodine | essential to produce thyroid hormone |
| sources of iodine | seafood, meat, some grains, iodized salts |
| selenium | essential components of enzymes, works with vit. E and the sulfur containing amino acids methionine and cystine as an antioxidant to minimize cell membrane damage in the body |
| sources of selenium | fish, egg, and liver, also found in cereal grains |
Created by:
mkroon26
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