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Pharmacology
Drug types, examples, definitions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Therapeutic Index (AKA Therapeutic radio) formula: | TI=LD50/EC50 (LD50 referring to Lethal Dose for 50% designated population. EC50 referring to Effective Concentration for 50% population) |
| The higher the Therapeutic Index means | are considered safer than those with lower TI (lower TI provide a narrower available dosage range between therapeutic effect and toxic results.) |
| anaphylaxis is | an exaggerated allergic reaction |
| Medication given to patient to treat anaphylactic shock | Diphenhydramine (benadryl)- IV |
| Histamines | an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses communication, as well as regulating physiological functions in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain, spinal cord, and uterus. |
| Anaphylactic shock syptoms | allergic reaction severe enough to cause death : low blood pressure, itching, swelling, extreme respiratory problems. |
| What do antihistamines do | block histamine release or their uptake by specific cell receptors. Can be used to prevent or reduce severe allergic reactions |
| Common antihistamines | Chlorpheniramine, cyproheptadine, diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, clemastine |
| Somnolence meaning | drowsiness |
| Antihistamine cyproheptadine can also | enhance feline appetite |
| H1receptor mainly responsible for | Pruritus (itching) and cause inflammatory cells to be drawn to the site |
| H1 blocking antihistamines work by | Beating the histamine to the receptor- treat anaphylaxis by stopping bronchoconstriction and vasodilation. |
| H2 blocking antihistamines work by | suppressing gastric secretory effects caused by histamine and also have mild anti-inflammatory effects |
| H1-blocking antihistamine examples | Benadryl and Claritin |
| H2-blocking antihistamine examples | Famotidine |
| Agent that kills microorganisms or prevent them from multiplying | Antimicrobial |
| Used to treat infection caused by bacteria | Antibiotics |
| Used to treat infection caused by fungus | Antifungal |
| Used to treat infection caused by viruses | Antiviral |
| Antimicrobials work in 5 different ways: | 1. hindering cell wall growth 2.prevent the organism from synthesizing proteins 3. inhibit nucleic acid synthesis 4. inhibit metabolic pathways in the bacteria that do not exist in the host 5. damage cytoplasmic membranes |
| Ribosomes are | clusters of proteins and RNA found within the cytoplasm of cells which are necessary for protein synthesis |
| Bacteriostatic Agents | Inhibit growth and reproduction but do not kill |
| Bactericidal Agents | Kill bacteria |
| Broad spectrum antibiotics are effective against: | gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria |
| Bactericidal B-lactam antibiotics work by | inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by targeting penicillin-binding proteins and interrupting mucopeptide synthesis |
| Examples of B-lactam anibiotics | Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, monobactams |
| Examples of 1st generation cephalosporins that should not be given to pateints with penicillin allergy | Cefadroxil, Cefazolin, Cephalexin |
| B-Lactam anitbiotics are used in large animals (ruminants, pigs, horses) to treat what | Streptococcal and clostridial infections, among others |
| Chloramphenicol is what kind of drug | Broad-spectrum bacteriostatic that inhibits protein synthesis |
| When is Chloramphenicol used and when is it never used | Used in companion animals to treat anerobic infections: middle and inner ear infections, severe eye infections salmonellosis ILLEGAL to give to food animals in US |
| Lincosamide is what kind of drug | Moderate-spectrum; Inhibit protein synthesis and depending on the concentration can have bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects |
| Examples of Lincosamides and when they should NOT be used | Clindamycin and Lincomycin NEVER use in horses |
| Fluroquinolone is what kind of drug | Bactericidal; inhibits nucleic acid synthesis; some are broard-spectrum but most are narrow |
| Fluroquinolone drugs end in the suffix.... | -floxacin (ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, difloxacin) |
| Fluriquinolone drugs are used in what species | ruminants, pigs, horses, cats and dogs |
| Aminoglycosides are what kind of drugs | Bactericidal; inhibit protein synthesis broad-spectrum but not effective against anaerobic bacteria. |
| Why are aminoglycosides used rarely in severe infections | b/c of their nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. |
| Aminoglycosides are sued orally and topically to treat what | Enterobacteriaceae |
| Macrolides are what kind of drug | Narrow-spectrum bacteriostatic |
| Common macrolide used to treat animals with penicillin allergy | Erythromycin |
| Tetracyclines are what kind of drug | Borad-spectrum bacteriostatic; inhibits protein synthesis. |
| Tetracycline drugs end with the suffix.... | -cycline or -tetracycline (doxycycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline) |
| Tetracycline drugs are used to treat what | treat local and systemic infections (bacterial resistance in this category has significantly increased) |
| Antifungals work by noting this difference... | Mammalian cells contain significant cholesterol (about 25% the cell membrane by weight), fungal cells contain primarily ergosterol |
| Antifungals that can exploit the different in sterol content: | Polyenes, Azoles, Allylamines |
| Polyne Anitfungals work by | binding with the sterols in the fungal cell wall, making it permeable- allowing the cellular contents to spill out |
| 2 examples of Polyne antifungals | Nystatin and Amphotericin B |
| 2 examples of Azole antifungals | Imidazole and Triazole |
| Azole antifungals work by.. | blocking or obstructing an enzyme essential to ergosterol synthesis int eh fungal cell wall. |
| Azole antifungals target what enzyme | target lanosterol demethylase enzyme necessary to convert or change lanosterol to ergosterol;; thus unable to obtain and maintain sufficient ergosterol to sustain cell wall integrity |
| How do Imidazole and Triazole work | by blocking certain kinds of sterol synthesis, they cause a depletion of normal sterols and an abnormal accumulation of sterol precursors, resulting in fungal cell toxicity and death. |
| Live Vaccines, AKA... | Modifies-live or attenuated vaccines |
| Live Vaccines | induce a strong immune response and offer the most protection |
| Killed Vaccines | (inactive vaccines) are composed of the killed pathogen and produce lesser immune response. |
| Killed Vaccine doses | Initial vaccination requires 2 doses followed by annual revaccination |
| What type of vaccine is more stable and easier to store and handle | Killed Vaccines |
| Recombinant Vaccines AKA... | DNA Vaccines |
| Recombinant Vaccines consist of what | certain non-disease-causing components normally produced by the pathogen. |
| Recombinant Vaccines are made by | The protein gene is removed from the pathogen, transmitted to a different organism, and grown in a lab. These proteins are then concentrated into a vaccine. |
| Toxoid Vaccines are made from what | attenuated toxins that induce a short-lived humoral immune response |
| Antigens | Large protein molecules found on the outer surface of disease-causing pathogens |
| Pathogen | a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease |
Created by:
lilchippy
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