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Pharmacology Unit
slides about Pharmacology unit from PennFoster
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nutraceuticals | food products that provide health benefits with roles in disease prevention and treatment |
| Stem cells | cells that can develop into specialized cell types in body |
| kind of stem cells | embryonic stem cells adult stem cells |
| polyvalent vaccine | mixed vaccines that immunizes against more than one strain of the same MOs or against 2 or more MOs |
| adjuvant | added to vaccines to enhance stimulation of the immune system |
| colloid solution | solution with proteins and polysaccharides that exerts high oncotic pressure and pulls H2O into circulatory system |
| crystalloid solution | balanced electrolyte solution that's used to expand total extracellular volume |
| osmotic pressure | pressure needed to stop H2O from diffusing through a barrier by osmosis; H2O moves from one side w/ lower concentration to side w/ high concentration |
| Equivalent | measure of the number of particles in a solution |
| cyclooxygenase | enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandins |
| pyrogen | substance that raises the body temperature causing a fever |
| IGRs | mimic natural IGRs in insects, resulting in high levels of IGRs that interfere with larva development |
| helminth | parasitic worm |
| MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) | the lowest concentration that kills or stops growth of MOs |
| Biotransformation/Metabolism | changing a drug by the body to another chemical form that can be more easily eliminated from body |
| Vet-VIPPS | Certification program that validates licensing for online pharmacies |
| concentration | amount of solute dissolved in a solvent; strength of a drug or substance |
| conversion factor | numerical value that relates one unit of measure to another example 1 kg=2.2 lb |
| Frick Speculum | instrument used in cattle through which an orogastric tube is passed |
| bioavailability | degree to which drug is absorbed and available at site of action |
| astringents | cleansing/drying agents substance that causes skin contraction, closes pores and reduces oily skin |
| keratolytic | promotes loosening of the epidermis to help remove scaling |
| bovine somatotropin | growth hormone used to increase milk and meat production in cattle |
| gonadotropins | hormonal drug that mimic the actions of FSH, GnRH and LH |
| CRTZ (Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone) | zone in the medulla of brainstem that can induce vomiting when stimulated |
| Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System | controls blood pressure and Sodium homeostasis |
| Stroke volume | volume of blood pumped by the Left ventricle in a single contraction |
| Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors | used to prevent urate crystals in Dalmatians due to defect in uric acid metabolism |
| Methylxanthines | bronchodilators that work by inhibiting phosphodiesterase enzyme |
| monoamine oxidase | an enzyme that degrades dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine |
| expectorant | drug that loosens mucus to facilitate its expulsion |
| corticosteroids | also called glucocorticoids; used to treat inflammation, anaphylaxis, immune-mediated diseases |
| side effects of corticosteroids | PU/PD polyphagia, V, D, loss of energy |
| Examples of Corticosteroids | Prednisolone and Dexamethasone |
| Bronchodilation drugs | antihistamines - Benadryl, Hydroxyzine anticholinergic - Atropine B-2 adrenergic agonists - Epinephrine, Albuterol, Terbutaline Methylxanthines - Aminophylline, Theophylline |
| side effects of methylxanthines | tachycardia, arrhythmias, seizures, gastric ulcers, renal and hepatic disease, hypertension, CNS stimulations, V, D, irritation, PU/PD, polyphagia |
| Strength of the solution | unit fraction needed to change "amount of solution" to "amount of solute" using dimensional analysis |
| Neuroleptanalgesic | A combination of a narcotic analgesic with a tranquilizer that provides strong effects |
| Dissociative Agent | An anesthetic characterized by catalepsy, catatonia, analgesia and amnesia but loss of consciousness may not occur |
| ANS (autonomic NS) | controls involuntary, unconscious activities/responses Parasympathetic and Sympathetic |
| Displacement factor | increase in volume of medication after reconstituted |
| safety syringe | a syringe containing a protective sheath for sterility, retracts automatically into barrel after injection |
| IV Piggyback | Administration of a drug through a port in an existing IV line |
| Triage | assigning degrees of urgency so critical patients can be treated first |
| Adsorbent | material that attracts chemicals which them become trapped on the material's surface |
| Emetic | substance that induces vomiting |
| Cathartic | a purgative, decreases GI transit time |
| bioavailability | measures amount of drug that is absorbed and available to patient |
| Pharmacodynamics | the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the function of living organisms and their component parts (how it works in the body) |
| Pharmacokinetics | concerned with the movement of drugs within the body; includes, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion |
| Therapeutic index | TI= LD50/ED50, range of the effectiveness of the medication and the toxicity of the medication |
| Absorption | The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood. |
| Potency | Concentration (EC50) or dose (ED50) of a drug required to produce 50% of the maximal effect |
| water-soluble drugs | dissolve in water, need to bind to protein to be carries |
| lipid-soluble drugs | absorbed by lipids, move out of bloodstream and into interstitial fluid |
| emulsions | liquid milky solutions containing a drug, usually oily |
| elixirs | compounded meds held in solution by alcohol, has sweetener |
| liniments | liquid rubs thinner than ointment, for transdermal use |
| SNS (Sympathetic NS)=adrenergic system | in charge of fight-or-flight response, main transmitters are Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and Dopamine |
| PNS (Parasympathetic NS)=cholinergic system | involved in energy conserving processes |
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lugomar574
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