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Surg Test 1 Sem 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a Orchiectomy | Canine Castration |
| What kind of drug is Hydromorphone | Controlled drug, Strong Opioid |
| What kind of drug is Methadone | Controlled drug, Opioid |
| what are 2 things about Methadone that differ from hydromorphone | -least likely of all the opioids to cause vomiting -better for wind-up pain |
| What kind of drug is Ketamine | Dissociate Agent |
| What kind of drug is Diazepam | Sedative, Tranquilizer |
| How do you know when to stop giving for lidocaine in the testicle | When the testicle is firm |
| what are the 3 reasons for neutering a male dog | 1. decrease aggressive behaviour 2. incidence of disease such as prostatic enlargement is reduced, testicular cancer is eliminated, and perianal adenomas are reduced 3. prevent bleeding |
| Castration VS Vasectomy | - in a vasectomy the vas deferens is tied off or transected and the testicles are not removed, so there is continued sperm and hormone production. -in a castration the testicles are removed and hormones and sperm are no longer produced |
| In the embryo where are the testicles originally found | in the abdomen |
| when do the testicles drop | shortly before or after birth the testicles and epididymis descend into the scrotum |
| what is a Cryptorchid animal | one or both testicles does not fully descend and is instead situatefd somewhere between the original site and the scrotum |
| what kind of behaviour is likely in cryptorchid animals | aggressive and vicious behaviour |
| what is the term for horses that are aggressive because they are cryptorchid | rigs |
| why is it important for a cryptorchid animal to be castrated even if their nature is good | cryptorchid testicles are prone to becomes cancerous |
| in what pattern do we prep for a canine castration | inverted U-pattern |
| when can a hematoma form after a castration or spay | 1-2 days after surgery |
| what kind of drug us Buprenorphine | strong opioid |
| how long does Buprenorphine last | can last for 12 hours or you can get the kind that is a slow release for 3 days |
| what kind of drug us Propofol | Phenol group |
| what is great about propofol | can go IV, no hangover effect |
| what is not great about propofol | metabolizes fast so it is not great for learning purposes |
| what kind of drug is Meloxicam | cox-2-prefferential |
| Are we concerned about Meloxicam | it is preferential so it can effect with their bleeding/clotting time |
| 5 reasons for doing an ovariohysterectomy | 1. avoid future pregnancy 2. prevent estrus cycle activity 3. reduced incidence of mammary tumours 4. prevent pyometra 5. reduce chances of getting cystic ovaries |
| other than health issues what is the one reason that Owners want their dogs spayed | discharge |
| why do we want to clamp as close to the cervix as possible during a spay | avoid a stump pyometra |
| why do we sometimes prefer tearing than cutting in surgery | provide hemostasis |
| when cutting into the abdomen what are the 3 layers that must be crossed | 1: skin 2: subcutaneous fat 3. muscle fascia |
| what is the muscle fascia | a tough white tunic that encloses the muscles |
| what are the 4 muscle layers that have the appearance of raw meat | 1. external abdominal oblique 2. internal abdominal oblique 3. transversus abdominus 4. rectus abdominus |
| what does the peritoneum look like in a cat | very thin layer that resembles cling wrap |
| where is the incision made in every abdominal surgery | linea alba |
| what is the linea alba | line of fibrous tissue that connects muscle, muscle fascia, and peritoneum |
| what is the linea alba closed up with | simple interrupted (absorbable) |
| what is the subcutaneous fat closed up with | 2-3 simple continuous (absorbable) |
| what instruments do you use for the 3 clamp technique for a spay | 2-3 hemostats (kellys, criles, mosquitoes) |
| what is a seroma | fluid filled area |
| 5 possible post-op complications after a spay | 1. decreased appetite 2. suture reactions 3. incision may become infected 4. possible seroma 5. licking and removing sutures |
| what are 3 rare complications seen with a spay | 1. peritonitis 2. stump pyometra 3. granuloma |
| why is bleeding for common and difficult to control in a canine spay | the organs and blood vessels are larger |
| 2 examples of procedures to check bleeding time | 1. toenail bleeding 2. Buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT) using a lancet |
| what kind of drug is Robenacoxib | Cox-2-Selective NSAID |
| does Robenacoxib NSAID effect bleeding/clotting time | no it does not |
| 5 problems that an animal may have to deter you from doing a spay on them | 1. animals in heat 2. pregnant animals 3. post-partum animals 4. obese animals 5. geriatric animals |
| why would you not want to spay an animal in heat | enlarged ovaries and uterus, more bleeding and reduced platelet count |
| why are post-partum animals not a good idea to spay? | their uterus is very friable (easily torn) |
| what are 2 more common complications in dog spays than cat spays | -hemorrhage -dehiscence |
| why do we do a warm water enema before a abdominal surgery | reduce large intestinal contents before surgery |
| how many mLs do you give for each species and size of an animal for an enema | -20 mL in cats and small dogs -40 mL for medium dogs -60 mL for large dogs |
| what do we put over the skin before an abdominal surgery to ensure better sterility | Opsite |
| how long is the incision for an abdominal surgery | from the umbilicus to the most caudal nipples |
| why must we periodically spray (irrigate) the intestines during abdominal surgery | cannot allow them to become dry or sticky because the intestinal cells will die |
| what do we use to irrigate the intestines | 12 or 20 mL syringe containing sterile saline and a 22g needle |
| how is an abdomen lavaged | with one half litre of sterile saline which will be removed with both manual suction and an automated suction apparatus |
| how is an enema administered | using a well lubricated catheter inserted rectally and advanced past the distal fecal material to the desired level. Gentle pressure is then used to administer it into the colon. Catheter is kinked and pulled out. |
| layers of intestine wall from inside to outside | 1. lumen 2. mucosa 3. sub mucosa 4. muscularis 5. serosa |
| which layer of the intestines causes peristalsis | muscularis |
| True or false: you can use both a cutting edge needle and taper ended needle on the intestines | false, only a tapered needle |
| 4 reasons why irrigation, lavage, and suction if carried out | 1. to dilute and remove bacteria 2. remove hemorrhage and increase visibility 3. moisten tissues 4. dilute and remove irritating materials |
| what is the idea behind lavaging | dilute and decrease the number of infective agents in an area |
| what is the idea behind irrigating | allows the tissues to remain vital as moist tissues are happy tissues |
| fluids used for irrigating or lavaging should be _________ and physiologically _________. | isotonic, neutral |
| 3 examples of fluids used for irrigation and lavage | -plasma lyte -normal saline -lactated ringers |
| what are the 2 types of suction tips | 1. single orifice/Yankauer tips: good for removing fluid other than blood 2. Frazier-Ferguson-Tips: good for removing blood |
| 6 examples of a dirty surgery | 1. ear 2. GI tract 3. oral cavity 4. abscesses 5. wounds 6. infected organs |
| 2 most common abdominal surgeries | 1. cystotomy (incision through urinary bladder to remove stones) 2. enterotomy (incision through intestines to remove foreign body or take a biopsy) |
| what is the surgery called when it involves a removal of a section of intestines and patching the two ends together | intestinal resection and anastomosis |
| what is strike through | bacteria and other agents may gain access to the field through the wet portions |
| 6 ways to maintain patient temperature | 1. fluids pre-warmed 2. fluid warmer during surgery 3. heating pad on induction table 4. hotdog warmer 5. bubble wrap and sicks 6. bair hugger |
| how much does each poke into a bottle result in hub loss | 0.10mL |
| do not use larger than a ______ needle to draw up drugs or it may cause leakage | 22g |
| the plunger of any drug should never be pushed unless in a _________ or a _________. | patient, bottle |
| summary of cleaning instruments (9 steps) | 1. instrument detergent for 5 mins 2. rinse 3. ultrasonic cleaner for 5-10 mins 4. rinse 5. instrument milk for 5 mins 6. dont rinse 7. dry 8. pack 9. autoclave |
| what are the most common needle points used for suturing | tapering and reverse cutting |
| what are the two types of sutures available | 1. eyed needles (unattached suture material) 2. swaged needles (suture material attached on) |
| what are the 4 types of formats of suture material | cassettes, individually wrapped, packed in alcohol, spools |
| what is the most commonly used suture size | 2-0 |
| what is the smallest suture size and the largest | smallest 12-0 largest 4-0 |
| when are non-absorbable sutures removed | usually 7-14 days post-op |
| what is monofilament sutures | -only has one thread so not as strong but causes less trauma to tissues and less likely to cause infection |
| what is multifilament sutures | multiple threads intertwined so it is stronger but is more likely to cause infection because bacteria can move up the strands |
| what are the 2 types of suture material that have capillary action | catgut and silk |
| what is capillary action | it absorbs water and swells |
| why is catgut and silk not good to use in infected areas | since they have capillary action and this can allow the bacteria to wick along its length and cause infection |
| what are the 6 types of non-absorbable suture material | 1. silk 2. cotton and linens 3. stainless steel 4. prolene 5. ethilon 6. vetafil |
| what are the 6 types of absorbable suture material | 1. catgut 2. dexon 3. vicryl 4. PDS 5. monocryl 6. maxon |
| what is the most expensive non-absorbable suture material that is less likely to cause suture reactions | prolene |
| what is the least expensive non-absorbable suture material that can cause stitch granulomas | Ethilon |
| which absorbable suture material is the most expensive, strongest and has little tissue reaction | PDS |
| which absorbable suture material is synthetic catgut | Monocryl |
| what are the 6 basic knots a surgeon must know | 1. granny knot 2. half hitch 3. square knot 4. half hitch knot 5. surgeons knot 6. reinforced surgeons knot |
| 3 problems with sutures | 1. sutures are too tight 2. suture reactions 3. animals that remove sutures |
| 5 control options to help with suture problems | 1. e-collar 2. t-shirts 3. ointments 4. bit-not collar |
| what does the flow meter do in a anesthetic machine | reduce PSI from 50 PSI to 15 PSI |
| what is the minimum flow rate of oxygen | 30 L/min |
| what is fresh gas | oxygen containing anesthetic agent |
| what is the highest ISO should ever go up too | 5% |
| what are the two types of anesthetic systems | 1. rebreathing 2. non-rebreathing |
| what weight must the patient be to be able to use the rebreathing system | 7kg |
| why can a patient smaller than 7kg not use a rebreathing system | they do not have the lung strength to pull air through the soda lime canister |
| what 2 circuits do you use for rebreathing system | 1. Y circuit 2. F circuit |
| what kind of circuit do you use for a non-rebreathing system | Bains circuit |
| the flow of anesthetic machine when using a rebreathing system | flow meter, vaporizer, inspiratory tube, patient, expiratory tube, pop off, (open =scavenger) (closed= soda lime), rebreathing bag, patient. |
| the flow of anesthetic when using a non-rebreathing system | flow meter, vaporizer, inspiratory tube, patient, expiratory field, pop off, patient/bag or scavenger |
| 3 types of bain circuit names | 1. mapleson 2. jackson reese 3. ayre |
| what do the soda lime crystals do | absorb the carbon dioxide from the expired gas to it may be mixed with fresh gas and re circulated back to the patient |
| how to know when to change the CO2 granules | they become hard and brittle, granules are a slightly off white colour |
| what is baro trauma | the pop off bag is putting back pressure on the patients lungs |
| why is is necessary to bag a patient every 5 mins | to prevent atelectasis |
| what is atelectasis | partial or complete collapse of the lung lobe due to alveoli becoming deflated |
| how do we calculate a rebreathing bag size | 60-100mL/kg |
| when bagging a cat the pressure on the manometer should never exceed | 15cm/water |
| when bagging a dog the pressure on the manometer should never exceed | 20cm/water |
| a leak test should reach and maintain a pressure of_________ and drop no more than ____________. | 20-30cm/water, 10cm/water in 15 seconds |
| what are the two types of scavengers | 1. active scavenger (acts as a vacuum) 2. passive scavenger (works via gravity) |
| what is a charcoal scavenger | a charcoal filter than can be attached to the hose when moving a patient or if a scavenger post is not available in that room the absorb anesthetic |
| 4 functions of ET tubes | 1. provides a patent airway 2. allow for emergency ventilation 3. allow for emergency drugs IT route 4. reduces dead space |
| 5 ways to measure a ET tube for diameter | 1. charting 2. experience 3. palpate trachea and measure against tube 4. previous records 5. measure tube against nasal philtrum |
| what size are cats normally for an ET tube | 3.5-4.5 |
| 3 ways to measure ET tube for length | 1. tip of nose to thoracic inlet 2. trim length by removing excess adaptor 3. numbers on the tube |
| 2 advantages of cuffed tubes | 1. reduces aspiration 2. airtight to prevent leakage of gas |
| 2 disadvantages of cuffed tubes | 1. may damage lining of trachea 2. could kill the animal |
| what are the 3 ET tube designs | 1. Magill (uncuffed or cuffed) 2. Murphy (has an eye to alllow an extra place to breath) 3. Cole (smaller end, not cuffed) |
| what is laryngospasm | closure of arytenoid cartilages due to mechanical or chemical stimulation |
| how do you know if a cat is experience laryngospasm versus vocalization | 1. if there is noise on expiration it is vocalization 2. if there is noise on inspiration it is laryngospasm |
| 6 ways to check ET tube placement | 1. feel breath on hand or hair 2. connect to machine and not movement 3. flutter valve movement 4. palpate throat 5. visualize tube placement in mouth 6. condensation in the tube |
| ET tube is always tied ________ inflated on intubation and ____________ then untied on extubation to prevent damage to the trachea | before, deflated |
| when do you extubate dogs | swallow reflex returns |
| when do you extubate cats | when there is purposeful movement (not a reflex) |
| what are the 4 traits of brachycephalics dogs that differ from other dogs | 1. stenotic nares 2. hypoplastic trachea 3. overweight 4. elongated soft palate |
| what is ALS vs BLS | -advanced life support -basic life support |
| define cardiopulmonary arrest | cessation of circulation of oxygenated blood to the tissues do to failure of the heart to pump effectively |
| 4 clinical signs of impending cardiac arrest | 1. cyanosis 2. dyspnea 3. prolonged CRT 4. respiratory arrest |
| what is CABD during an emergency | C-circulatory A-airway B-breathing D-drugs |
| how far should the chest be compressed | 1/3 to 1/2 of its width |
| what is the best position for CPCR in an animal | -right lateral -alternative is dorsal recumbency in barrel chested breeds |
| where are your hands placed for small animals for CPCR | fingers under chest using thumb |
| where are your hands placed for medium sized animals for CPCR | one hand under chest and use heal of other hand |
| where are your hands placed for large sized animals for CPCR | put book or sandbag under chest and use both hands interlocked |
| how many compressions per minute generally | 100 |
| how should respirations and chest compressions be coordinated | in a clinic they should be done at the same time with multiple people. if you are by yourself 2 breaths per 15 compressions |
| what is the golden standard for checking the effectiveness of CPCR | capnometer |
| what does epinephrine do as an emergency drug | vasoconstriction, fills heart with blood, works within seconds but only used when heart is stopped |
| what does dopamine do as an emergency drug | cardiac stimulant, increased muscle contractions and can be given while heart is still beating |
| what does atropine and glycopyrrolate do as an emergency drug | treats bradycardia, atropine works fast and cheaper, glyco is slower acting |
| what does doxapram do as an emergency drug | analeptic drug, stimulate brain and resps |
| what does aminophylline do as an emergency drug | bronchodilator in resp and cardiac conditions |
| 2 types of corticosteroids used in emergencies | 1. Prednisolone sodium succinate (quick acting) 2. Dexamethasone (longer acting) |
| what is the corticosteroid made for large animals | Flucort |
| what do corticosteroids do | reduce capillary permeability and enhance vasoconstriction |
| what is furosemide used for in emergency conditions | diuretic, treats heart failure to decrease pre-load, kickstarts kidneys |
| what is lidocaine used for in emergency conditions | anti-arrhythmic, good for pre-ventricular contractions and will increase defibrilation threshold |
| what is vasopressin (anti-diuretic) used for in emergency conditions | get improved cerebral O2, resuscitation, better neuro outcome, golden standard, brings all internal fluids together to stimulate heart |
| methods of admin for emergency drugs from most to least desired | 1. jugular, IT, peripheral vein, IO, IL, IC (no longer recommended) |
| for dogs a heart rate less than ________bpm is concerning. For cats a heart rate less than _______bpm is concerning. | 80, 100 |
| less than _________rpm indicates minor problem less than _____rpm indicated more serious problem | 12, 8 |
| True of false: Bradycardia is not a sign of shock but tachycardia is | True |
| what is the heart rate when it is considered bradycardic | 50-60bpm |
| what are 3 drugs that can cause tachycardia | atropine, ketamine, epinephrine |
| what is hypercarbia | excessive CO2 in blood |
| what is the temp if an animal is considered hyperthermic | 39.5 degrees celcius |
| what kind of drug is alfaxalone | neurosteroid |
| what does butorphanol do | -gives a degree of sedation, not a good opioid -can potentially reverse some opioids |
| what does atropine do | anticholinergic, dilates pupils, decreased peristalsis |
| what knots are used to tie patient to the table | half hitch on each limb with quick release knot |
| in what order should an animal be draped | head, tail, near, far |
| what kind of instrument is used to secure drapes to the skin | towel clamps |
| 4 ways of obtaining a urine sample from a patient | 1. free catch 2. cyctocentesis 3. catheter 4. manually express |
| what is an open castration | the tunica vaginalis is incised and left open or closed with a purse string suture pattern |
| what is a closed castration | the tunica vaginalis is removed with the testicle |
Created by:
jscott41
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