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Special Populations
Pilates Teacher Training Part 1: Client Intake and General Information
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Muscle Injuries | • Grade I Strain: Mild; usually heals within 2–3 weeks • Grade II Strain: More extensive damage; allow 3–6 weeks for recovery • Grade III Strain: Complete rupture that may require surgery; allow approximately 3 months for recovery |
| More Muscle Injuries | • DOMS (delayed onset muscle soreness): Occurs within 24–48 hours of exercise; usually subsides on its own • Compartment Syndrome: Lack of blood supply to muscles; degree of severity varies |
| Tendon Injuries | Tears: Complete or partial • Tendinopathies: Tendinosis, tendinitis, tenosynovitis |
| Ligament Injuries | • G1 Sprain: Overstretching of the ligament; accompanied by pain and swelling • G2 Sprain: Partial tearing with more swelling, bruising and pain • G3 Sprain: Complete tear with intense pain and swelling; may require surgery to restore joint stability |
| Bone Injuries | • Fractures, stress fractures, inflammatory conditions |
| Joint Injuries | • Dislocations, subluxations, degenerative (e.g., osteoarthritis) and inflammatory conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis). |
| Nerve Injuries | Neuropraxias: A disorder of the peripheral nervous system with a temporary loss of motor and/or sensory function due to blockage or slowing of nerve conduction and numerous neurological disorders. |
| Acute Injuries | Occurred recently, generally the result of a traumatic event, usually isolated, rapid onset, limited duration. (Muscle strains, ligament sprains, dislocation) |
| Chronic Injuries | Longstanding condition, may be the result of overuse or a condition that never fully heals, generally more subtly/vague symptoms, develops slower, long duration (tendinitis, bursitis, arthritis) |
| Muscle Physiology: Type 1 | Slow twitch, slow oxidative (aerobic), slow contract speed, fatigue resistant, tonic, endurance and postural; normal functional postures and many unloaded movements. |
| Muscle Physiology: Type 2a | Intermediate fast twitch, aerobic and anaerobic, fast contraction speed, fatigues quickly, phasic, Short, high-intensity activities (less than 2 minutes); rapid movement and with high loads |
| Muscle Physiology: Type 2b | Fast twitch, fast glycolytic (anaerobic), fast contraction speed, fatigues quickest, phasic, Very short, maximum intensity activities (less than 30 seconds); rapid movement and with high loads |
| What are the functional classifications of muscles? | Local Stabilizer, Global Stabilizer, Global Mobilizer |
| Local Stabilizer | control segmental, control neutral, often displays activation that is anticipatory and protects the moving joint; activated w/ low load and w/ proprioceptive challenges, continuous activity (tonic) throughout; dysfunction=delayed timing. |
| Global Stabilizer | Works to control range of motion, frequently controls range of motion through eccentric contraction, displays activation w/ increased load and need for control, non-continuous activity (phasic), dysfunction=essentric joint control |
| Global Mobilizer | Produces range of motion, concentric contraction to produce ROM, responds to higher loads w/ increased force, important for providing for shock, phasic function for brief bursts |
| Training Mobilizers/Stabilizers | Local= low load, neutral-position, closed-chain, proprioceptive challenge. Global S=low/medium load, eccentric control, full ROM w/ control, proprioceptive challenge. Global M=high loads w/ concentric contraction and full ROM, plyometric + explosive. |
| Slings | fascial connections and muscle groups (musculofascial systems) that are crucial in both movement and stability. Through their line of pull, slings help to create efficient movement. Global muscle systems are strengthened through slings. |
| Primary Sling | Transversus abdominis, multifidii, pelvic floor and diaphragm (local muscles) are the center or inner unit, and are classified as the primary sling. These provide segmental stabilization to the spine through co-activation. |
| Posterior Oblique Sling | includes the latissimus dorsi, the contralateral gluteus maximus and the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF). It assists with SIJ force closure and pelvic stability. Think Shoulder Bridge, swim, prone single-leg kick. |
| Anterior Oblique Sling | includes the external oblique (EO), the contralateral internal oblique (IO), and the contralateral hip adductors. it provides for anterior stability of the pelvis and pubic symphysis. |
| Deep Longitudinal Sling | includes the erector spinae (ES), deep thoracolumbar fascia (TLF), sacrotuberous ligament, multifidus, long dorsal ligament, biceps femoris (BF), and peroneus longus. This sling is the link between the glutarals and hamstring balance. |
| Lateral Sling | includes the gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fascia latae, contralateral adductors and contralateral quadratus lumborum (QL). |
| Pain | “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage.” |
| Crossed Patterns | Dr. Janda identified common crossed patterns (muscular imbalances) and created an approach that focuses first on lengthening short/tight muscles and then on retraining weak muscles |
| Upper Crossed Syndrome (UCS) | Tight: Upper trapezius, levator scapulae, sternocleidomastoid, pec maj+min Weak: deep cervical flexors, lower trapezius, middle trapezius, serratus anterior. Forward head posture, thoracic kyphosis, cervical lordosis, scapular winging, elevated shoulder |
| Lower Crossed Syndrome (LCS) | Tight: Thoracolumbar extensors, iliopsoas, rectus femoris Weak: abdominal group, gluteal muscles Anterior pelvic tilt, lumbar lordosis, lateral lumbar shift, lateral leg rotation, knee hyperextension. |
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barefootnbluejeans89
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