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reproduction
pruiot
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)Effects Releasing LH & FSH | Can cause early puberty. |
| Leuprolide and other agonist of GnRH can cause | delayed rise in LH and suppression of FSH and Testosterone to delay on set of puberty. |
| GnRH releasing system is extremely responsive to | negative feedback from ovarian estrogen and progesterone, and androgens from male testis. |
| GnRH increases | steriodogenic activity. |
| Clinical Uses of GnRH and its Analogs | Superovulation in dog and cat,Canine Cryptorchidism,Cystic Ovaries (treatment with LH vs GnRH). |
| Ovarian cysts are two types | Follicular cysts and Luteal cysts. |
| Treatment for follicular cysts | GnRH,Cystorelin or Gonadorelin 100ug per cow,Excessive amount may cause luteinization of the cysts. |
| Other GnRH analogs are | Fertirelin acetate (Fertagyl) is 2.5 to 10 times more potent than gonadorelin, whereas Buserelin (Recptal) is about 10 to 20 times more potent than fertirelin. |
| Ovarian cysts Other treatment | Follutein (hCG is like LH): 5000 to 10,000 units in a cow,LH causes cystic follicular degeneration. |
| Luteal Cysts | Lutalyse (PGF 2 alpha): 25 mg in cow,Estrumate (Cloprostenol),Repogest (Repository Progesterone). |
| Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) | Superovulation in many species. |
| PMSG,Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin, mostly | FSH activity. |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) | Infertility, Cystic follicular degeneration,Superovulation.. In cattle, sheep, goat, etc. |
| LH products are | Gonadvet is a preparation of equine pituitary,Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). |
| Somatotropin (STH) | Growth hormone,some times used in food animal production. |
| Prolactin | Lactogenic and luteotropic in some animals. |
| Oxytocin | Milk let down,Uterine contraction: given at the end of delivery of calf in c-section and parturition induction in equine,Postpartum infection and prevention of retained placenta in cows,Canine metritis . |
| Oxytocin products | Oxytocin, Pitocin, Uteracon, Butocin, etc. |
| Other product having oxytocin like properties are | Ergot (Ergonovin)Smooth muscle contraction, contraction of uterus and blood vessels, can cause abortion. |
| Ergot can cause toxic effect such as | CNS stimulation and convulsion. |
| Xylazine has oxytocin like activity and may cause abortion in | last trimester of pregnancy in cattle. |
| Uterus: Prostaglandin F 2 alpha | Regression of corpus lutea. |
| Estrogens | Mating behavior, secondary sex characteristic, maintenance of female duct system, mammary growth. |
| Progesterone | Maintenance of pregnancy,mammary growth, etc. |
| Relaxin | Expansion of pelvis and dilation of cervix. |
| Inhibin | Prevents release of FSH. |
| Testis: Androgens (Testosterone) | Male mating behavior, spermatocytogenesis, maintenance of male duct system, function of accessory sex glands. |
| Inhibin prevents release of | FSH. |
| Corticosteroids | Parturition, fetal to maternal relationship during the end of pregnancy,Milk synthesis. |
| Synthesis of steroids from adrenal cortex, ovary, testis and other tissue producing steroid are related to each other due to their common | metabolic pathways. |
| Any abnormalities in their synthetic pathway can cause | reproductive problems. |
| Progesterone and its synthetic analogs | (progestin's). |
| Progesterone and its analogs are used to | mimic the effect of CL and inhibit estrus. |
| Progesterone analogs | Melengestrole Acetate (MGA),Syncro-Mate B (SMB) also called norgestomet,Altrenogest,Altrenogest or allyl-trenbolene (Regumate) in swine,Progestrone- Releasing Intravaginal Devices (PRID). |
| Melengestrol(MGA) | Is orally active progestin supplied as premix which is fed at a 0.5 mg daily for 14 days in cattle. |
| Estrus is expected between day 16 to 20 after the start of | MGA feeding. |
| Due to low fertility at first estrus breeding, second estrus is induced using | PGF 2 alpha, given 17 days after withdrawal of MGA. |
| In ewe 0.125mg MGA twice daily for 9 days is use to induce | estrus in beginning of the spring. |
| Synthetic progesterone called NORGESTOMET,can be used to synchronize | estrus. |
| Ear implant contain 6 mg of norgestomet plus a single intramuscular injection of | 5 mg estradiol valerate and 3 mg of norgestomet mixed together is given (2ml dose). |
| When ear implant is removed at day 9 animal returns to | estrus in 24 to 36 hours,The degree of synchronization is high. |
| Goats can also synchronized with this product using | lower doses. |
| Altrenogest | Is a synthetic orally administered progestin approved for controlling the estrus cycle in mare. |
| Some literature it is also called | allyl-trenbolene. |
| It has been administered for 8 to 12 days in the feed (27 to 44 mg/day)or | intravaginal sponge impregnated with altrenogest. |
| Last day of progestogen therapy | prostaglandin is given. |
| Most mares begins to show estrus 2 to 5 days,Most mares needed use of hCG for induction of | ovulation. |
| Altrenogest or allyl-trenbolene (Regumate) in swine has also been used in feeding to synchronize | estrus. |
| Progesterone Releasing Intravaginal Device (PRID)PRID are composed of stainless steel coils coated with | silicon rubber containing (6.75%) progesterone. |
| Estradiol benzoate (10mg) in gelatin capsule is some times attached to | PRID. |
| These are efficacious in synchronizing estrus an ovulation in | cattle. |
| Some times PGF2 alpha is used day before or the day of | removal of these implants to obtain good synchrony. |
| Polyurethane sponges impregnated with variety of progestins has been used in | ewes for synchronization of heat. |
| Other intravaginal progesterone releasing devices are also marketed for use in | cattle, sheep and goat. |
| Progesterone + 17-estradiol: In mares daily injections of Prog.+ Estrogen has been for various days, combined with the use of | PGF-2 alpha on the last day of the treatment, has been highly effective for the synchronization of both estrus and ovulation. |
| CIDR-B (Genetics Australian, Baccus Marsh) intravaginal device impregnated with progesterone (1.9gm) alone or in combination with estrogen products | has also been used. |
| Estrogens,A variety of estradiol products has been used to induce | estrus in many animal species. |
| These products will induce estrus but generally do not induce | ovulation. |
| Estradiol with a progestin | (norgestomet) has been used for estrous synchronization in cattle. |
| Estradiol cypionate (10-20 mg) IM will induce | abortion in cattle up to 5 months of pregnancy. |
| Abortion occurs with in 3 to 7 days in 60 to 80% heifers | Second injection may be required in some cases. |
| Estrogen can prevent | uterine infection and hastens uterine involution. |
| Testosterone | In cow has been used to make them act as teaser bull for detection of estrous in other females,Testosterone propionate (200mg). |
| Testosterone in bitch | IM 110 mg weekly, used to prevent estrus in Greyhound. |
| Testosterone and other androgens preparation are some time used to enhance | male behavior and other performance, as oral, skin application, injectable etc. |
| A melatonin implant (18mg) , Regulin is used to | advance the breeding season in ewe, goat and deer to increase ovulation rate in this induced period,Prolactin suppression. |
| Prolactin is | luteotropic during the second half in the bitch. |
| Ergoline derivatives are | dopaminergic agents that suppress prolactin, and consequently decrease progesterone secretion. |
| Bitch given 20-30 ug/kg bromocriptine orally, twice a day for 4 days in 42 days pregnant bitch resulted in | abortion in about 3 to 5 days. |
| Cabergoline (5 to 15 ug/kg) given orally daily for 5 days after day 42 of pregnancy resulted in | abortion in the bitch. |
| Use of Hormones in Reproductive GnRH for | libido in the Dog. |
| A dose of 2.2ug/kg IM once weekly for a | month is recommended for this purpose prior to breeding. |
| GnRH can be used for diagnostically | to asses testicular function in the male. |
| Diethylstilbestrol (DES) 5.0 mg/ day orally for 6 to 9 days will induce estrus in | bitch,IM injection can also be give. |
| Mifepristone,(RU-486) is a synthetic | steroid that interact with progesterone receptors and blocks the effect of progesterone upon myometrium. |
| 5 to10 mg/kg IM during the second half of pregnancy for 5-7 days results in | abortion in about 5 to 7 days later,Abortion can also be induced in early pregnancy. |
| Hormones in Reproduction cont, Megestrol (Ovaban),Megestrol acetate is a synthetic | progestin can be used to prevent occurrence of estrus in the bitch,It also prevents estrus in queen. |
| Mibolerone (Cheque Drops) is an | androgenic steroid used to prevent estrus in the bitch. |
| PGF-2-alpha is luteolysis in | cattle. |
| There are three products available for cattle are | Dinoprost tromethamine (Lutalyse), cloprostenol (Estrumate) and fenprostalene (Bovilene). |
| Two products approved for mare are | Dinoprost tromethamine and fluprostenol. |
| Goat,PGF-2-alpha for | planed breeding and synchronization of estrus. |
| Swine, Induction of luteolysis,CL remains unresponsive to acute administration of | PGF2 alpha or its analog until day 12 to 14 after ovulation,Endogenous secreted prostaglandins acts from day 14 to 17 days of estrus. |
| Induction of Parturition Cattle | Dexamethasone (20 to 30 mg) given in late pregnancy will induce parturition in 48 to 72 hours, post injection. |
| Flumethasone (8 to 10 mg) given IM has same effect as | dexamethasone. |
| Mare,Oxytocin is most widely | used. |
| PGF-2- alpha may terminate early pregnancy (day 12 to 35),After development of the endometrial cups (day 35 to 120), it is more difficult to abort a | mare. |
| Swine,PGF 2 alpha in a pregnant female, at any stage of gestation will | lyses CL, cause abortion and subsequently return to fertility. |
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