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anthelmenics
pharm final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All anthelmintics are potentially devoid of pharmacological effects Exception | organophosphorous compounds & levamisole. |
| Classification of anthelmintics | it is based on chemical structure. |
| bioavailability of anthelmintic depends on formulation of | dosage form. |
| clinical efficacy varies among | species. |
| Most of the anthelmintics are recommended for clinical use in all species Exception | levamisole (ruminant species & pigs)Praziquantel (dogs, cats & horses)Piperazine (monogastric species)Salicylanilides, nitroxynil & clorsulon (ruminant species). |
| Benzimidazoles (carbamates) | Albendazole, fenbendazole, mebendazole, oxfendazole, oxifendazole, parbendazole. |
| Benzimidazoles (thiazoles) | Thiabendazole, cambendazole. |
| Probenzimidazoles | Netobimin, febantel. |
| Imidazothiazoles | Butamisole hydrochloride, levamisole. |
| Tetrahydropyrimidines | Pyrantel, morantel. |
| Organophosphorous compounds | Dichlorvos, coumaphos. |
| Macrocyclic lactones | Avermectins. |
| Milbemycins | Milbemycin oxime, moxidectin. |
| Phenothiazine derivative | Phenothiazine. |
| Piperazine compounds | Piperazine, Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC). |
| Benzenedisulphonamide | Clorsulon. |
| Isoquinoline | Praziquantel, epsiprantel. |
| Salicylanilide | Closantel, oxyclozanide, rafoxanide. |
| Nitrobenzonitrile | Nitroxynil. |
| Arsenical compound | Thiacetarsamide sodium. |
| ANTINEMATODAL DRUGS BENZIMIDAZOLES | Broad spectrum of activity,Wide safety of margin. |
| Subclasses of benzimidazoles | Benzimidazole thiazole (Thiabendazole, cambendazole). |
| Benzimidazole carbamates | (albendazole, fenbendazole, mebendazole & oxfendazole)Probenzimidazole. |
| Metabolically converted to BZD carbamates | (netobimin to albendazole; febantel to fenbendazole). |
| BZD carbamates possess | greater anthelmintic activity,requires a lower dose. |
| This is due to | enhanced receptor binding in parasites, decreased metabolic inactivation in host animal. |
| BZD carbamates possess | larvicidal activity. |
| Mechanism of actionBZD | binds irreversibly to nematode β-tubulin-prevents dimerization with a-tubulin & polymerization of tubulin oligomers into microtubules. |
| BZDs inhibits | microtubule formation. |
| Selective toxicity:BZDs | have a greater affinity for nematode tubulin (selective toxicity). |
| BZD resistance due | to development of b tubulin isotypes with lower affinity for BZDs. |
| Pharmacokinetics of BZDs | Absorption is limited (except TBZ, albendazole, oxfendazole). |
| BZD level in plasma is always | <1pct of the dose administered. |
| Presence of food in stomach increases the bioavailability of drug ex | fenbendazole. |
| In ruminants, the systemic availability of BZDs is | more. |
| Metabolism of BZDs | undergoes hepatic metabolism. |
| BZD carbamates are converted to active metabolites Ex | albendazole to albendazole sulphoxide fenbendazole to fenbendazole sulphoxide (oxfendazole). |
| Sulphoxides metabolized by liver to | sulphones (inactive). |
| In cattle & goats, the metabolism of albendazole & fenbendazole is | more rapid. |
| Oxfendazole when administered as oral suspension/intermittent release ruminal bolus | undergoes partial reduction in rumen to form fenbendazole. |
| Oxfendazole & fenbendazole is oxidized by | the liver to inactive sulphone metabolite. |
| Mebendazole poor | metabolism & excreted unchanged in faeces (within 48 hrs.). |
| Albendazole metabolized to | sulphoxide & sulphone derivatives excreted in urine. |
| TBZ & cambendazole | rapidly metabolized,excreted in faeces. |
| BZD carbamates have a | broad spectrum of activity. |
| Clinical efficacy depends on effective concentration at | the site of action in the parasite. |
| Horses:TBZ & substituted BZDs | adult strongyles, cyathostomes, Oxyuris equi, small pinworms & Trichostrongylus axei. |
| Substituted BZDs | Parascaris equorum & immature Oxyuris. |
| Oxibendazole | Strongyloides westeri. |
| Horses Fenbendazole | migrating S. vulgaris & S. edentates,encysted 3rd & 4th cyanthostome larvae. |
| Mebendazole & albendazole | equine lungworms (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi). |
| Cattle & sheep Substituted BZDs | GI nematodes & lung worms in ruminants. |
| Fenbendazole | D. filaria in sheep. |
| Fenbendazole | Mullerius infection in goats & sheep. |
| Albendazole & fenbendazole tissue stages of | Ostertagia. |
| Swine TBZ | Hyostrongylus rubidus, S. ransomi, O. dentatum. |
| Substituted BZDs | effective against all parasites of swine,Swine whipworm (Trichuris suis). |
| Kidney worm, lungworm, ascarids & nodular worms | fenbendazole @ 3mg/kg/day for 3 days. |
| Swine lungworms | fenbendazole @ 25 mg/kg, single dose,albendazole @ 10 ppm in feed for 5 days. |
| Dogs & cats Mebendazole | adult hookworms, ascarids & whipworms. |
| Fenbendazole | Common nematodes of dogs & cats,3rd & 4th stage larvae of canine ascarids,Cat lungworms,Cat stomach worm. |
| Albendazole | T. canis & A. caninum. |
| Birds effective against GI & respiratory tract nematodes | Mebendazole,Fenbendazole. |
| Turkeys | Fenbendazole @45 ppm in feed for 6 days,(ascarids, Heterakis, Capillaria). |
| Turkeys Parbendazole | ascarid worms & heterakids. |
| Withdrawal period for BZDs Albendazole oral suspension | (sheep – 10 days; cattle – 14 days). |
| Fenbendazole oral suspensions | (cattle & sheep - 21 days; pigs – 7 days). |
| Oxfendazole oral suspension | (cattle & sheep - 10 days). |
| Intermittent release ruminal bolus Albendazole in sheep | 100 days. |
| Oxfendazole in cattle | 180 days. |
| BZDs are well | tolerated. |
| Contraindications:Substituted BZDs are not indicated during | early pregnancy. |
| Parbendazole & cambendazole produces | teratogenic effects in pregnant ewes (2nd to 4th week of gestation). |
| Administration of BZDs | Oral administration (suspension/powder or granules). |
| Horses Fenbendazole & mebendazole as | oral paste. |
| Pigs Fenbendazole as | pellets. |
| Ruminants Intermittent release ruminal bolus of | albendazole (sheep) & oxfendazole (cattle). |
| Continuous release ruminal bolus | fenbendazole. |
| PROBENZIMIDAZOLES ex | Netobimin & Febantel. |
| Netobimin to | albendazole (metabolic conversion by ruminal microorganisms). |
| Febantel to | fenbendazole (metabolic conversion by hepatic microsomes). |
| Netobimin | Broad spectrum probenzimidazole anthelmintic drug. |
| Nematocidal activity in horses & ruminants | Netobimin. |
| Cestocidal & fasciolicidal activity in ruminants | Netobimin. |
| Metabolic activation:Netobimin- | albendazole-hepatic oxidation-albendazole sulphoxide. |
| Febantel broad spectrum anthelmintic drug indicated for | horses,dogs & cats. |
| Metabolic activation:Febantel- | fenbendazole-hepatic oxidation-fenbendazole sulphoxide(Oxfendazole). |
| Anthelmintic spectrum:Febantel | Hook worms, ascarids, whipworms. |
| Commercial anthelmintic preparation Vercom | Combination of febantel (nematodes) & praziquantel (cestodes). |
| Commercial anthelmintic preparation Drontal Plus | (35.8 mg febantel, 7 mg pyrantel pamoate & 7 mg praziquantel). |
| effective against canine | ascarids, hookworms, whipworms & Echinococcus sp. |
| Febantel Cattle, sheep, swine effective against | GI & lung parasites. |
| wide margin of safety Contraindications Vercom paste & Drontal Plus are contraindicated in | pregnant dogs & cats. |
| IMIDAZOTHIAZOLES,Levamisole effective against | GIT & lung nematodes. |
| routes of administration (oral, parenteral or topical) | Levamisole. |
| it is available as hydrochloride (drench) or phosphate (injectable) salt | Levamisole. |
| Mode of action of levamisole | It acts as a ganglionic stimulant & a direct cholinergic drug binds to nicotinic receptors of nematode parasites-sustained muscle contraction with subsequent paralysis in nematode parasite (depolarization blockade)acts as immunostimulator (cell mediated i |
| Pharmacokinetics of levamisole Absorption & excretion is | rapid. |
| Its pharmacodynamic action is of nicotinic & muscarinic effects | Levamisole. |
| administered as bolus/ drench/ feed additive/ SC injection/ topical pour-on | Levamisole. |
| Anthelmintic spectrum for levamisole Cattle & sheep | Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus, Bunostomum, Oesophagostomum, Dictyocaulus, Thelazia. |
| Swine | A. suum, S. ransomi, Metastrongylus sp., O. dentatum, S. dentatus. |
| Poultry | A. galli, H. gallinarum, C. obsignata, fowl eyeworm. |
| Dogs Tetramisole @ 10 mg/kg/day for | 2 days (ascarids & hookworms). |
| Dogs Levamisole - 5.5 mg/kg twice daily for | 6 days (microfilaricide). |
| Levamisole Safety | Narrow margin of safety. |
| Safety factor of levamisole is twice that of | tetramisole. |
| Toxicity signs are similar to | organophosphate poisoning(salivation, lacrimation, head shaking, muscle tremors, mild excitability). |
| simultaneous administration of pyrantel tartrate enhances | levamisole toxicity. |
| poultry tolerate tetramisole & | levamisole. |
| oral route is more safe in dogs & cats | Levamisole. |
| Contraindication If levamisole used in lactating animals | milk should not be used for 48 hrs. |
| Tetrahydropyrimidines ex | pyrantel & morantel. |
| Pyrantel | Broad spectrum anthelmintic for all species. |
| Imidazothiazole derivative available as tartrate or pamoate salt | Pyrantel. |
| Aqueous solution undergoes photoisomerization loss of potency | Pyrantel. |
| Mode of action of Pyrantel | It acts as a depolarizing blocking agent in nematode parasites & in host,causes sustained muscle contraction followed by paralysis of worms. |
| Pharmacokinetics Pyrantel tartrate | well absorbed except ruminants,rapidly metabolized (first-pass effect)excreted in urine (dogs) & feaces (other species). |
| Pyrantel pamoate | poorly soluble in water-decreased absorption from the gut-drug reaches the lower intestine & acts on pinworms. |
| Pyrantel pharmacologic effects are similar to | levamisole, DEC citrate & morantel citrate (depolarization blockade). |
| pyrantel & morantel are more potent than | acetylcholine. |
| Horses Pyrantel tartrate is available as | top-dressed pellet oral paste/granules. |
| Swine Pyrantel Medicated feed (0.016pct)prevents | migration & establishment of A. suum & Oesophagostomum infections. |
| Dogs Pyrantel pamoate | (suspension/tablet)Dose: 5-10 mg/kg. |
| Drontal Plus for dogs | Pyrantel pamoate (5 mg/kg)+febantel (25 mg/kg)+praziquantel (5mg/kg). |
| Drontal for cats | Pyrantel pamoate (20 mg/kg)+ praziquantel (5 mg/kg). |
| Pyrantel pamoate | administration with food increases the contact time of drug with parasites. |
| Heartgard 30 Plus beef based chewable form in dogs contains | ivermectin (6-12 mg/kg) + pyrantel pamaote (5-10 mg). |
| Heartgard 30 Plus effective against | heartworms, hookworms & ascarids. |
| Anthelmintic spectrum of Pyrantel Horses | Parascaris equorum, S. vulgaris, S. equinus & pinworms effective against Anaplocephala perfoliata tapeworm @ 13.2 mg/kg. |
| Swine (tartrate salt) Pyrantel | Ascaris & Oesophagostomum. |
| Cattle & sheep (tartrate salt) Pyrantel broad spectrum anthelmintic | effective against (Haemonchus contortus (including BZD resistant strains), Ostertagia ostertagi, T. axei, Nematodirus battus, Cooperia & Bunostomum sp. |
| Anthelmintic spectrum of Pyrantel Dogs | A. caninum, Uncinaria stenocephala, ascarids. |
| Dogs Drontal plus for | tapeworms, whipworms, hookworms, ascarids. |
| administered to dogs of 3 weeks of age,Treatment repeated at 2 week intervals | Drontal. |
| Cats Pyrantel pamoate for | Ancylostoma tubaeforme, T. cati. |
| Drontal cats for | hookworm, ascarid, tapeworm. |
| Safety Pyrantel salts are | generally safe in all species. |
| Tartrate salts are less tolerated than pamoate salt in | Horses. |
| Pyrantel salts Contraindications | not indicated in severely debilitated animals,withdrawal period for slaughtering animals should be given. |
| Pyrantel tartrate | Horse: 12.5 mg/kg, single dose,Swine: 22 mg/kg; max. 2g/animal,Cattle, sheep & goats : 25 mg/kg. |
| Pyrantel Pamoate | Horses: 6.6 mg base/kg,Dogs: suspension & chewable form -5 mg base/kg. |
| Morantel | Methyl ester analog of pyrantel,formulated as tartrate salt. |
| Morantel Pharmacological action | similar to pyrantel. |
| Morantel in Ruminants (adult & immature stages)for | Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Nematodirus. |
| Morantel Available as | medicated premix (Morantel Premix-88)delivers the drug @ 0.44 g/100 lb BW. |
| Morantel Slaughter withdrawal period | Cattle-14 days,Goats-30 days. |
| Morantel Sustained release ruminal bolus contains | 11.8 g morantel base (Paratect Flex Diffuser)releases drug @ 150 mg/day into rumen/ reticulum for 90 days. |
| Morantel sustained release ruminal bolus requires no | withdrawal period. |
| Morantel tartrate is a safer drug than | pyrantel tartrate. |
| Organophosphorous compounds Ex | Dichlorvos, trichlorfon, coumaphos. |
| Organophosphorous Mode of action | irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase-accumulation of acetylcholine-sustained muscle contraction & subsequent paralysis. |
| effective against parasites of horses, pigs & dogs | OP. |
| rotation of anthelmintics is recommended to prevent the development of organophosphate anthelmintic resistance | OP. |
| Precautions with Organophosphate anthelmintics,animal should not be simultaneously treated with other | acetyl cholinesterase inhibiting drugs/ pesticides/ muscle relaxants or sedatives. |
| narrow safety margin (proper dosing is required) | OP. |
| withdrawal period of 7 days for slaughtering animals | OP. |
| not recommended in sick/stressed animal | OP. |
| Toxicity signs:Vomition, frequent urination, defecation, urination, diarrhea & muscular weakness | OP. |
| OP Treatment | Atropine & PAM. |
| Dichlorvos volatile & | easily degradable in GIT. |
| dichlorvos incorporated into polyvinyl chloride resin pellets – for administration in | pigs, dogs & cats,releases dichlorvos slowly from the indigestible pellets,maintains therapeutic concentration throughout the digestive tract. |
| this formulation is more safer | dichlorvos incorporated into polyvinyl chloride resin pellets. |
| it is effective against whipworms (Trichuris sp.) | dichlorvos incorporated into polyvinyl chloride resin pellets. |
| Anthelmintic spectrum of Dichlorvos Dogs & cats | A. caninum, A. tubaeforme, Uncinaria stenocephala, ascarids, Trichuris vulpis. |
| Swine first broad spectrum anthelmintic effective against 4th stage larvae, juveniles & adults of Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomum, T.suis & H. rubidus | Dichlorvos. |
| Macrocyclic lactones Consists of 2 groups | Avermectin,Milbemycin. |
| Avermectin includes | Ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, selamectin, eprinomectin. |
| Milbemycin includes | Milbemycin oxime, moxidectin. |
| active against nematodes & arthropods,broad spectrum action | Avermectin,Milbemycin. |
| Chemistry Avermectin | Fermentation product of actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis. |
| Milbemycin D & milbemycin oxime chemistry | Streptomyces hygroscopicus aureolacrimosus. |
| Mode of action of macrocyclic lactones | binds selectively to glutamate gated chloride channels-creates an ion imbalance-it increases the release of GABA from synaptosomes of nervous system-it binds to GABA related chloride channels-increase in chloride ion influx-hyperpolarization of post synap |
| Mode of action of macrocyclic lactones Site of action Nematodes | synapse between inhibitory & excitatory motor neuron. |
| MOA macrolytic lactones site of action Arthropods | myoneural junction,It also affects reproduction of nematode/ arthropod by inducing abnormal egg formation by nematodes,sterility of both male & female filarial nematodes,reduces oviposition by ticks. |
| Selective toxicity of macrocyclic lactones | Mammalian GABA – mediated neurotransmission – only in CNS. |
| Macrocyclic lactones do not cross the | mammalian blood brain barrier-more safer drug. |
| Macrocyclic lactones Sensitivity | Collie breed dogs & Australian shepherds. |
| Ivermectin | Semisynthetic derivative of avermectin. |
| Chemistry Avermectin consists of | Major components (avermectin A1a, A2a, B1a, B2a)Minor components (avermectin A1b, A2b, B1b, B2b). |
| Ivermectin 80pct | B1a + 20pct B1b. |
| Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin | It depends on formulation of the dosage form, route of administration & animal species. |
| Half-life of Ivermectin (IV) | Dogs: 1.6-1.8 days,Sheep: 2.7 days,Cattle: 2.8 days. |
| Ivermectin SC administration longer | half-life. |
| Excretion | Faeces (98pct) & urine,Up to 5pct in lactating animals. |
| Formulations of ivermectin | Ivermectin (oral, parenteral, topical). |
| Ivomec injection | 1pct ivermectin in an organic vehicle (60pct propylene glycol+ 40 pct glycerol formal). |
| It can be administered by SC injection to cattle, sheep & swine | Ivomec. |
| Formulations of ivermectin Controlled release Ivomec ruminal bolus contains | 1.72 g of ivermectin delivers ivermectin @12 mg/day for 135 days,withdrawal period: 180 days. |
| Formulations of ivermectin Equalan liquid for horses | 1pct ivermectin in an aqueous micelle form. |
| Equalan paste for horses | 1.87pct ivermectin with propylene glycol as vehicle. |
| Ivomec Pour-on for cattle | 0.5pct ivermectin in 80pct isopropyl alcohol. |
| Heartgard-30 tablets & Heartgard – 30 chewables for dogs & cats combination of ivermectin | & pyrantel pamoate. |
| Anthelmintic spectrum of ivermectin Cattle, sheep, horses & pigs | GI & lung nematodes & certain ectoparasites. |
| Dogs | intestinal nematodes, ear mites, sarcoptic mange, infective stage heartworm & microfilariae. |
| Poultry | GI nematodes, ectoparasites of poultry. |
| High lipid solubility of ivermectin increased | anthelmintic activity. |
| Ivermectin More safer (about 10 fold safety margin) for | ruminants, horses, swine & dog breeds except Collies & Australian shepherds. |
| This could be due to breed specific compromised | blood brain barrier. |
| Clinical signs of toxicity | ataxia, depression, mydriasis, tremor & recumbency. |
| Horses ivermectin In heavy infection of Onchocerca | treatment induces pruritus & cutaneous edema,This is due to sudden death of large numbers of microfilaria of Onchocerca cervicalis (resolves in 3-4 days). |
| Abamectin | Fermentation product of Streptomyces avermitilis,Consists of 80pct B1a & 20pct B1b. |
| Formulation Avomec (injectable)consists of | 1pct w/v abamectin. |
| Abamectin Anthelmintic spectrum | Adults & 4th stage larvae of O. ostertagi, H. placei, Cooperia & Dictyocaulus sp., Trichostrongylus axei. |
| more toxic than ivermectin | Abamectin. |
| Abamectin Toxicity signs | Lethargy, ataxia, paresis, recumbency, decrease in lip & tongue tone, drooling of saliva, mydriasis, coma & death. |
| Doramectin | product of mutational biosynthesis. |
| broad spectrum of activity against GI nematodes, lungworms, eyeworms, suckling lice, ticks, mites & screwworms | Doramectin. |
| effective against myiasis | Doramectin. |
| Formulation for doramectin | Dectomax–sterile 1pct solution of doramectin (sesame oil –ethyl oleate as vehicle). |
| Doramectin Anthelmintic spectrum | similar to ivermectin,it is highly effective against screwworms. |
| Eprinomectin | modified fermentation product of Streptomyces avermitilis,consists of 90pct avermectin B1a + 10pct avermectin B1b. |
| Eprinomectin Pharmacokinetics | absorption is rapid (topical administration)peak concentration reaches after 2-5 days of treatment,undergoes poor metabolism-eprinomectin B1a as tissue residue,low milk plasma coefficient. |
| Eprinomectin safety | More safer. |
| Selamectin | Chemically modified derivative of avermectin. |
| Indications: | Dogs : heart worm, flea & ectoparasite infection. |
| Cats | hookworm & roundworm infections. |
| Selamectin Pharmacokinetics:absorption is | rapid,peak plasma concentration after 8 hrs. of oral administration (3 days of topical administration). |
| Topical route: | Half-life in dogs is 11 days. |
| Selamectin maintains effective concentration for | 30 days in dogs & cats. |
| Selamectin Absorption | into blood-excreted into intestinal tract. |
| Circualting selamectin deposited in | sebaceous glands&–ectoparasitic activity. |
| Selamectin Formulation: | 6pct or 12pct topical formulation (Revolution) for dogs & cats. |
| Selamectin Anthelmintic spectrum | 100pct effective against heartworm. |
| Selamectin cats | Ancylostoma tubaeforme & T. cati. |
| Safety for selamectin | safer drug (breeding & lactating animals)can be used in ivermectin sensitive Collies. |
| Milbemycin,Milbemycin oxime | Fermentation product of Streptomyces hygroscopicus aureolacrimosus |
| Milbemycin | 95pct of dose passes through GIT in unchanged form,5pct of absorbed drug excreted through bile,eliminated through faeces. |
| Milbemycin oxime Formulations available as | chewable tablet for dogs,Cats: Interceptor Flavor tabs; orally administered once a month. |
| Milbemycin oxime Anthelmintic spectrum: | Nematodes & Demodex canis,Dogs: prevention of canine dirofilariasis,Cats: feline heartworm, T. cati, A. tubaeformr infections. |
| Milbemycin oxime potent & fast acting | microfilaricide. |
| Milbemycin oxime Treatment is accompanied with | mild reactions (lethargy, salivation, coughing, tachypnea or emesis). |
| Milbemycin oxime In animals with heavy heartworm infection | shock-like reactions & circulatory collapse. |
| Moxidectin Fermentation product of | Streptomyces cyanogriseus noncyangenus. |
| Moxidectin Pharmacokinetics | more lipophillic,maintains clinically effective concentration for prolonged period,excreted in faeces. |
| Moxidectin Anthelmintic spectrum Ruminants: | O. ostertagi, Haemonchus, T. axei, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum, Dictyocaulus,Sarcoptes, Psoroptes, ticks & suckling lice. |
| Sheep: | GI nematodes, sheep itch mite. |
| Horses: | GI nematodes. |
| Dogs: | A. caninum @ 25 µg/kg, single oral dose,Prophylactic control of heartworm. |
| 100pct effective against larval stages of D. immitis @ 3 µg/kg,safe to administer in dogs & ruminants (breeding & pregnant animals),used in ivermectin sensitive Collie breed of dogs | Moxidectin. |
| Heterocyclic compounds Phenothiazine used in | ruminants, horses & chickens. |
| Limitation: phenothiazine resistant | helminth strains. |
| Piperazine class | Piperazine & Diethylcarbamazine (DEC). |
| Piperazine | wide margin of safety,narrow spectrum of action,clinically effective in monogastric species. |
| Diethylenediamine | strong base & unstable,available as salts of citrate, adipate, hydrochloride, phosphate, sulfate & tartrate. |
| Piperazine Mode of action | Hyperpolarization at neuromuscular junction-blocks neurotransmission-flaccid paralysis of worms. |
| Pharmacokinetics | absorbed from GIT,metabolized in tissues,excreted in urine. |
| Piperazine Toxicity | Wide margin of safety,Large doses – emesis, diarrhea, incordination, head pressing. |
| Contra-indication | Not recommended in chronic renal/liver disease,In heavy ascarid infections–intestinal impaction of dead worms. |
| Piperazine Anthelmintic spectrum Dogs & cats | T. canis, T. cati, T. leonina (citrate or phosphate salts)Efficacy is variable (52-100pct). |
| Horses | Equine ascarids (adipate salts)treatment should be repeated at 8 week intervals – to prevent helminth re-infection,effective against adult pinworms (80pct) (retreatment is required) |
| Piperazine Anthelmintic spectrum Swine | administered through water/ feed,acts on lumen dwelling stages of ascarids & nodular worm (100pct effective)retreated after 1-2 months. |
| Ruminants | effective against nodular worm. |
| Chickens | administered through feed (citrate/adipate salts) or drinking water (hexahydrate)effective against Ascaridia galli. |
| Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) Indication: | prophylactic control of heartworm disease in dogs. |
| Pharmacokinetics absorption is rapid from GIT,peak concentration reaches after 3 hrs. of oral administration,widely distributed to all organs except fat,rapid metabolism,excreted through urine (within 24 hrs. of administration) | Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC). |
| effective against molting stage larvae of Dirofilaria immitis,possess microfilaricidal action-fatal adverse reactions,contraindicated in microfilaria positive dogs | DEC. |
| IMPORTANT:Before prophylactic treatment, the infected dog should be cleared of | adult heartworms & microfilariae. |
| Heartworm adulticides Ex | Thiacetarsamide sodium & melarsomine. |
| Thiacetarsamide sodium: | Hepatotoxic & nephrotoxic (not recommended in animal with liver & kidney dysfunction)Irritable to tissue – administered by IV route. |
| Animal feeding behavior indicative of dog’s general condition during treatment | Thiacetarsamide sodium. |
| Toxicity:Arsenic toxicity signs – persistent vomiting, icterus, orange-colored urine | TS. |
| Treatment for TS toxicity | Dimercaprol (8.8 mg/kg/day in 4 divided doses). |
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