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Lab Animal Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a herptile | an animal that is classified as either a reptile or amphibian |
| what is a reptile | a group of air breathing vertebrate, ectothermic animals that do not have glands from which to feed their offspring |
| what is an amphibian | a group of vertebrates that utilize both air and water as sources of oxygen, ectothermic animals that undergo metamorphosis |
| which reptiles are most likely to be seen in vet practices | snakes, lizards, turtles |
| what is the most common reptile in research and why | snakes, because their venom is used in studying surface cell membrane activity and their shed skin is being used in transdermal research |
| what are the most common used amphibians used in biomedical research | African clawed frogs, mudpuppies, leopard frogs, and salamanders |
| what are amphibians skin used for in research | tissue regeneration, skin permeability, toxicology, and environmental pollution |
| what is a reptiles integumentary system made out of | protective keratin layer of either scales or scutes |
| what are scutes | hard non overlapping plates (turtle shell) |
| what are scales | hard overlapping epidermal folds |
| what are chromatophores | contained in skin which allows then to change colour and their pattern on their skin will blend in with their environment |
| what is ecdysis | shedding of skin to accomodate growth |
| what are the two types of skin glands in amphibians | 1. Mucous glands: keep the skin moist and aid in dermal respiration 2. Granular glands: secrete toxins used as a defence against predators |
| why do reptiles have a expanded range of mobility with their head | extremely flexible spines with a single condyle between the skull and spine |
| how can snakes mandible dislocate | held to the skull with ligaments allowing the upper and lower jaw to dislocate to accommodate extremely large prey |
| turtles and tortoises have a ventral ________ and dorsal ________ this is covered in scutes | plastron, carapace (shell) |
| what kind of limbs are found on some snakes for mating | Vestigial (spurs) |
| how many muscles do snakes have | 10,000 to 15,000 |
| how are frogs and toads skeletons adapted for leaping and swimming | skeleton is strongly ossified with a long ilium in the pelvis, a reduced tail, elongated hind limbs and short strong forelimbs |
| how do amphibians move | thrusting both hind legs back at the same time |
| Are Reptiles omnivorous, herbivorous, carnivorous | All 3 |
| why do snakes and lizards have a forked tongue | interpret scents via the vomeronasal organ to identify prey |
| what is the Vomeronasal organ also known as | Jacobsons organ |
| since turtles have no teeth what do they use for food acquisition and mastication | Bony beak (tomia) |
| where is the venom in a snake located | in a gland at the base of the hollow teeth |
| how do carnivores accommodate to eat whole prey | largely distendable digestive tracts |
| what kind of teeth do frogs have | pedicellate teeth (route and crown calcified separate by a non-calcified layer) |
| what is the renal portal system in reptiles | transports blood from the caudal portion of the animal through the kidneys |
| what is the renal portal systems significant for | giving medication in the hind area of a reptile as it may prove nephrotoxic or be metabolized in the renal system prior to reaching the site of action |
| what is the cloaca | the common passage for urine, feces, and reproduction in reptiles |
| what reabsorbs water in reptiles | bladder or cloaca |
| what is uric acid | primary waste component of the renal system |
| what is reptile excrement is composed of | urates, urine, feces |
| where are the male reptile reproductive organs | internally located in the cloaca |
| what do snakes and lizards have for reproductive organs | possess internal paired structure known as hemipenes |
| amphibians that live in water excrete __________ and amphibians that live in terrestrial environments excrete ________. | ammonia, urea |
| where is urea stored | stored in the urinary bladder until it reaches the cloaca ammonia is excreted |
| reptiles have a _____________ heart with _____ atria and one ventricle | three chambered, 2 |
| What atrium of the heart receives oxygenated blood | left atrium from the lungs |
| how is the ventricle in a reptile subdivided | into 2-3 chambers by incomplete muscular ridges |
| where are oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixed in amphibians | mixed in the ventricle before being circulated through the body |
| where is the glottis located in a turtle | behind the tongue |
| how do reptiles hiss | lack vocal chords and control air movement to make sound |
| how do crocodilia breath | they do not have a diaphragm so they utilize the axial muscles to expand and contract the lungs |
| what is buccal pumping | uses the mouth to push air into the lungs via a swallowing motion |
| how does a reptile being ectothermic effect their oxygen demand | metabolic needs are much lower than mammals and birds and thus oxygen requirements are greatly diminished |
| True or false: amphibians use buccal pumping as their sole means of respirations | True |
| where do amphibians perform gas exchange from | through their skin |
| some species of _____________ have no lungs at all, and survive entirely via skin diffusion | salamanders |
| reptiles have __________ control of pupillary dilation and in some instances can focus their eyes ___________ of eachother | voluntary, independently |
| which eyelid is more highly develop and which is the most functional in reptiles | lower eyelid is highly developed and the third eyelid is the most functional |
| which species does not have a tympanic membrane and why | snakes because they use vibrations instead of hearing |
| what eye movement do amphibians lack | Saccadic |
| can amphibians vision be adapted to both water and land | yes |
| What do the eyes do during swallowing | push back into head to help swallowing |
| how are reptiles housed | in terrariums with secure lids |
| what does arboreal mean | live in trees |
| what should the substrate be for reptiles | non-toxic, non-absorbant and are large enough to not be ingested by the animal (shredded coconut, large rocks, artificial turf |
| what is ecdysis | shedding of skin |
| what environmental enrichment should be included for a reptile | accessories to aid in natural behaviour, areas to hide, and items to aid in ecdysis |
| what does POTZ stand for | preferred optimal temperature zone |
| why should a temperature gradient be available for reptiles | housing should have warmer and cooler areas of the enclosure to allow the animal to control their thermoregulation |
| What needs to be provided so reptiles can synthesize vitamin D | Full spectrum lighting with UV |
| how can areas of high humidity be created in a terrarium | using soaked sphagnum moss in a vented container or misting |
| all reptiles are _________ carriers and precautions need to be taken when handling them or cleaning the enclosure | Salmonella |
| what are amphibians housed in | smooth sided plastic aquariums or cages that are fully or semi-aquatic dependant on the species |
| what do fully aquatic amphibians require in their tank | filtration and aeration |
| what is including in water chemistries | -dissolved oxygen -ammonia -nitrate -nitrite -pH -Cholrine |
| why should Live prey not be fed to the animal | live prey should only be fed under highly monitored circumstances as the prey may potentially injure the reptile |
| how often should carnivorous reptiles be offered food | every 7 to 21 days depending on the age and species |
| herbivorous lizards and turtles eat what food | variety of greens and fruit specific to the species. pelleted diets are available but should be supplemented with fresh food when possible |
| what should insectivorous reptiles eat | diet of meal worms and crickets |
| True or false: Tadpoles are usually herbivorous | true |
| for safety purposes what kind of restraint do we use for reptiles and amphibians | chemical immobilization and restraint |
| how are non aggressive or non venomous snakes picked up | picked up directly from the enclosure, can use a towel so they cant see making it easier the catch them |
| how are aggressive and venomous snakes picked up | with a snake hook to immobilize the head and then grasping them behind the jaw to prevent the head from turning and biting. Restraint gloves can be worn |
| a minimum of _________ person per ________ feet of snake is required | one, 3 |
| how are snakes commonly transported | in pillow cases or commercial snake bags |
| what restraint device for snakes is used for medical procedures | tubes |
| how far can turtles reach their heads back to bite | all the way to their hind limbs |
| where is the safest place to grab a turtle from | in between the hind limbs and tail |
| what is the safest option for extruding the head from a turtle shell | coaxing head out with food and then quickly firmly grasping around the mandible |
| what is the most effective tools of capturing a lizard | towel and element of surprise |
| where should your hands be restraining a lizard | base of the skull wearing leather restraint gloves |
| why should a lizard never be picked up by the tail | some of their tail can "drop" or autotomize as a method of self defense |
| in lizards care must be taken not to apply pressure to _______ _______ if present as well as not inflicting damage to _______ ________ lizards such as geckos | dorsal spines, thin skinned |
| most of the time you should avoid physical restraint in amphibians due to their..... | permeable delicate skin and mucous coating |
| if you need to use physical restraint on amphibians what should you do | hands must be wet and clean or use non-powdered wet gloves |
| why kind of syringes are used for reptiles | heparin and low resistance syringes |
| what gage needles are used for reptiles | 25-29 gage |
| blood sampling collection sites for turtles | -jugular vein -radial vein -femoral artery -heart -caudal tail vein |
| blood sampling collection sites for crocodiles and lizards | -supravertebral vessel -heart -ventral coccygeal vein |
| blood sampling collection sites for snakes | -heart puncture -palitine vein -ventral tail vein (only one that doesn't require sedation) |
| when taking blood from an amphibian what should you never use on their skin | alcohol |
| blood sampling collection sites for salamanders | ventral coccygeal vein |
| blood sampling collection sites for frog/toads | -ventral abdominal vein (most common) -femoral vein) -Lingual vein |
| for intramuscular injections where do you insert the needle in reptiles | between scales |
| IM injection on Turtle | -upper front limb -biceps |
| IM injection on lizard | bicep, tricep |
| IM injection on snakes | epaxial in cranial half of body |
| IM injection on amphibians | forearm muscles |
| why do you not need to tent the skin in reptiles for SQ injection | they have very small SQ space with limited vascularity |
| how do you insert a needle for an SQ injection on a reptile with scales | parallel to the body wall in-between the scales. advance more than half the needles length to reduce risk of fluid leakage |
| Where to give SQ injections to turtles | axillary or inguinal space |
| Where to give SQ injections to lizard | lateral body wall or inguinal space |
| Where to give SQ injections to snakes | lateral body wall |
| Where to give SQ injections to Amphibians | anywhere on the body |
| what species are Intracoelomic injections common in | amphibians |
| why would oral meds be unreliable in reptiles | because research suggests that the reptile GI tract may be inactive between meals |
| what herptile is oral admin drugs most common in | Lizards |
| equipment needed for oral meds to reptiles | -speculum or tube to create gap -plastic card -cotton tipped applicator -water soluble lubricant -metal ball tipped gauvage tube or rubber feeding tube |
| when giving oral meds to a reptile where do you measure the feeding tube from | mouth to midpoint or stomach |
| What is Dysecdysis | a condition in which reptiles have difficulty shedding their skin |
| how can you assist with Dysecdysis | increasing the temperature and humidity of the enclosure or providing a warm water bath |
| why are thermal burns so common in reptiles | when the prescence of heat source in the captive enclosure is too much |
| how are burns classified in reptiles | -depth of trauma to tissue -debridement -infection control -pain management |
| what can a bite wound be from in a reptile | conspecific interaction, interaction with another pet or result of feeding live prey |
| why does the cloaca, bladder and repro organs in reptiles have a tendency to prolapse | due to conditions that cause straining or trauma from mating |
| What is Gout | condition is a result of an excess of uric acid in the blood which can accumulate in the organs and joints |
| what are some causes of gout | -fed a high protein diet -kidney disease and dehydration |
| how to treat gout | -diet modification -drugs that lower serum uric acid (allopurinol) and facilitate urate elimination are used as treatment |
| what is metabolic bone disease in reptiles | long term dietary deficiency of calcium, vitamin D or an incorrect Ca to Phos ration. -results in weak or malformed bones of shell |
| how to treat metabolic bone disease | -diet modification -Ca and vitamin supplementation -high intensity UVB light treatment |
| what is Hypovitaminosis A | swelling of the eyelids, conjunctivitis, anorexia, nasal eye discharge |
| what is the scientific name for swelling of eyelids | Blepharedema |
| What is red leg syndrome in amphibians | systemic bacterial infection that presents with cutaneous erythema of the extremities |
| what is the most serious fungal infection of amphibians | Chytridiomycosis |
| What are Ranaviruses | DNA based viruses are the cause of mass mortality in wild population of frogs, toads, tailed amphibians around the world |
| how is the Ranavirus transmitted | through exposure to contaminated water or soil, direct contact and infected tissues |
| for anesthesia in reptiles, for a short non-painful procedure such as rads what can be used | Vagal-Vagal response, put pressure over the eyes for a minute and it will decrease the HR and BP and the reptile will become inactice for a minor non-stimulating procedure |
| what should a pre-anesthetic blood work contain for a reptile | -blood glucose -TP -PCV |
| how long are reptiles usually fasted | for one feeding cycle to avoid regurgitation and pressure on the anatomy due to the GI contents |
| what drug can be given to treat bradycardia in reptiles | Atropine |
| What can be given pre-op for analgesia to a reptile | Opioids such as morphone |
| what drugs can be mixed to produce chemical sedation in reptiles | Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonists -medetomidine, xylazine, and ketamine |
| when is pre-meds usually given in reptiles | IM 30-60 mins prior to induction |
| what can you use for induction for a reptile | -propofol IV IO -Alfaxalone IV, IM |
| intubation prior to induction should not be performed in what species | venemous species |
| what do you use for maintenance of anesthesia in reptiles | ISO and SEVO |
| what are the rates for surgical fluids in reptiles | 5-10ml/kg/hr of normosol R or LRS via IV or IO catheter |
| IPPV is required to ensure adequate gas exchange at a rate of what for reptiles | 2-4 breaths/min and not exceeding 10-15 cm of water |
| how is negative pressure in the lungs achieved for turtles when under anesthesia | movement of the limbs |
| how long should oxygen should be given after anesthetic is turned off in reptiles | 10-15 minutes |
| what species is the palpebral and corneal reflex not reliable in | snakes |
| what reflexes should be absent under anesthesia for herptiles | jaw tone and withdraw reflexes, righting reflex, voluntary movement |
| where are dopplers placed on reptiles | -peripheral arteries of heart -thoracic inlet for turtles |
| what should the core temperature normally be for reptiles when under anesthesia | 80-90 F 26.6-32.3 C |
| when is extubation performed on a reptile | when spontaneous respirations or attempts by the patient to remove the tube are made |
| how long should small amphibians be fasted | minimum of 4 hours |
| how long should large amphibians be fasted | 48 hours |
| how long should amphibians be soaked for before anesthesia | one hour and partially through the procedure |
| what is the anesthetic choice for amphibian anesthesia | Tricaine Methanesulfonate |
| what is a light plane of anesthesia for an amphibian | loss of righting and corneal reflex |
| what is a deep plane of anesthesia for an amphibian | when the withdrawal reflex to deep pain is lost |
| when using ketamine on a amphibian, how long with recovery be prolonged for | up tp 18 hours |
| what drug has a potential for gastric prolapse in amphibians | Eugenol |
| after the procedure where do you transfer an amphibian to | warm anesthetic free bath |
| what should you administer after anesthesia to an amphibian | SQ Intracoelomic post op fluids at 25ml/kg |
| what does MNR stand for | Ministry of Natural Resources |
| when do wildlife diseases become a concern? | -they are of concern to public health -they are concern to agricultural animals -they may have serious effects on species population' -they may affect ecosystem balance -disease spread to areas affecting different animal populations and ecosystem |
| 3 things that need MNR approval | -keeping schedule wildlife in captivity -breeding scheduled wildlife species -buying and selling scheduled wildlife |
| What is Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) | disease of central nervous system that affects while-tailed deer, American elk, moose and mule deer. It is fatal |
| what are cervids | member of the deer family |
| What is Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EDH) | fatal disease just discovered. It is spread by bites from midges |
| What are Ontarios most common rabies vector species are | Raccoons, skunks, bats, fox |
| All rabies vector species exhibiting signs of the virus must be ________ and the head sent to ____ for testing | Euthanized, CFIA |
| What species do avian influenza affect the most | -chickens, ducks, and turkeys |
| what is an indicative sign of Avian Influenza | a significant number of dead birds in one location, particularly waterfowl |
| what is White Nose syndrome | fatal condition of bats named for the white fungus which grows on the face, ears, and wings of affected animals -bats may also be found flying in the daylight |
| who does West Nile Virus affect | -birds, mammals, horses, humans |
| 3 things natural history includes | -dietary requirements -feeding regiments -territory |
| 3 signs of injury or illness | -body covered in feces -blood -emaciated |
| how to you determine if an animal is truly orphaned | -check animal periodically for 24-48 hours to see if its still around -Basket weaves of grass over nests of flour sprinkled around a location may help indicate that the parent is returning to care for the young |
| if you capture an animal for a wildlife rehabilitation, the animal must be legally transported within how many hours | 24 hours |
| what kind of nests do eastern gray squirrels make | "drey" nests, in the forks of the trees, consisting mainly of dry leaves and twigs. |
| What does Crepuscular mean | more active during the early and late hours of the day |
| what does the grey squirrel use its tail for | Balance and warmth |
| what do predators include | humans, hawks, weasels, raccoons, domestic and feral cats, snakes, owls, and dogs |
| eastern squirrels breed _______ a year and their litter is born in _________ to ________. | 2 times, February to March |
| how old do eastern gray squirrels live for in captivity and in the wild | Wild: 12.5 years Captivity: 20 years |
| What is Fibromatosis (squirrel pox) | viral disease which produces multiple tumours on the skin of grey and fox squirrels |
| how does Fibromatosis transmit | mosquitoes |
| how do you diagnose Fibromatosis | microscopic lesions |
| what is notoedric mange | mites that affect the skin, contracted through direct contact and causes hair loss, thickening and folding of the skin |
| how can you treat head trauma | -supportive care -long term rehabilitation -euthanasia |
| how to treat spinal trauma | -inflammation may be treated with anti inflammatories and supportive care -euthanasia for fractures or chronic condition |
| what does partial tail amputation depend on | depending on local climate and ability to balance |
| what does winter denning allow the racoon to do | conserve energy in the form of fat reserves when food is not available |
| male raccoons are ________ or will mate with several females in succession . while female racoons are are monogamous | Polygamous, monogamous |
| what is the gestation period for raccoons | 63 days |
| how long does the raccoon family stay together | until the adult female has her next litter |
| Raccoons carry _______ parasite and are very pathogenic to humans. Roughly 12 people are though to have _______ as a result of this parasite | Roundworm, 12 |
| how is raccoon rabies transmitted | saliva |
| next to humans what is the second leading cause of death to racoons | Distemper |
| how is distemper transmitted | airborne droplets, direct contact |
| signs of distemper | runny nose, watery eyes, conjunctivitis |
| what is the final stage of distemper in raccoons | the raccoon may begin to wander aimlessly in a circle, disoriented and unaware of its surroundings, suffer paralysis or exhibit other bizarre behaviour |
| what is the most common rabbit in ontario | Eastern Cottontail |
| what is the gestation period for cottontails | 27 days |
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