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LSU ANSC2050 exam1&2
animal behavior/welfare/restraint, mgmt of poultry/horse/swine/small ruminants
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ethology | ∙ study of behavior of animals in their natural surroundings, specifically focusing on instinctive or innate behavior ∙ instinct (present at birth) vs. habituation (learned conditioning) |
| fields of animal behavior | ∙ trial and error ∙ reasoning (intelligence and memory) ∙ imprinting (bonding for recognition) |
| ten systems of animal behavior | ∙ sexual, maternal, communication, social behavior with animals, social behavior with humans, feeding, eliminative, shelter-seeking, investigative, allelomimetic, maladaptive |
| most common cannibalistic behaviors (maladaptive) | ∙ pecking in chickens ∙ tail chewing in pigs ∙ debeaking and tail removal when young |
| factors in an animal's temperament | ∙ how an animal will react during handling - depends on genetics and environment ∙ fearfulness, previous experiences |
| training and habituating livestock to handling/restraint | ∙ gentle handling -> voluntary acceptance of restraint in a comfortable device ∙ stress on animal and handlers reduced, large animal handling is easier and safer |
| when is an animal in a good state of welfare? | ∙ it copes well with its conditions: it is healthy, nourished, safe, comfortable, able to act innately, and free of unpleasant states ∙ requires disease prevention and vet treatment, shelter, management, nutrition, humane handling |
| animal rights | ∙ philosophy that animals have rights on par with humans, and humans have no right to use animals at all for any industry, entertainment, sport, or recreation |
| five freedoms for all animals | ∙ freedom from: hunger/thirst, discomfort, pain/injury/disease, fear/distress ∙ freedom to: express normal behavior |
| types of restraint | ∙ psychological ∙ sensory diminishment ∙ confining alleys, chutes, barriers ∙ tools and physical force ∙ chemical sedation or immobilization (strongest) |
| major segments of poultry industry | ∙ broilers ∙ eggs ∙ turkeys |
| broiler industry operations | ∙ parent stock farm: broiler breeders produce fertile eggs ∙ hatchery: produce chicks ∙ broiler farm: raise birds to slaughter ∙ processing plant: process birds to final products |
| incubating chicks | ∙ 99*F, 70% humidity, 19 days ∙ rotate 45* every 2hrs. to keep chick from sticking |
| brooding chicks | ∙ the first 7-10 days of a chicks life - objective is to optimize appetite and feeding behavior ∙ need heat for 14 days - only down, no real feathers |
| age of modern broiler | ∙ 6-7wk at market |
| common dual-purpose chicken breeds | ∙ rhode island red ∙ sussex ∙ barred rock |
| dubbing/beak trimming | ∙ layers more active than broilers with stronger/more aggressive heirarchy ∙ dubbing around 7-10 days of age and trim beaks precisely |
| lighting program for layers | ∙ begins at 17 weeks of age after moving to laying house ∙ light and dark periods simulate summer to stimulate reproductive hormones -> egg laying |
| calcium and phosphorus for layers | ∙ limestone and oyster shells for calcium - 94% of eggshell made of calcium carbonate ∙ pre-laying Ca:P is 2:1, during production it is 10:1 ∙ birds need more calcium with higher production age |
| feeding layers | ∙ formulated on digestible amino acid requirements as with broilers ∙ pre-lay: decreased protein and energy requirement ∙ laying: increased protein and energy requirement |
| egg production goals | ∙ 25hr for hen to lay 1 egg ∙ 280-300 eggs/year per hen ∙ laying period begins at 18wk, peaks 25wk, ends around 70wk with molt, resumes to 90wk |
| common layer breeds | ∙ single comb white leghorn: most common, best rate of lay, uniformity, size, and shape of eggs ∙ Hy-line brown: feed efficiency and interior egg quality |
| molt for layers | ∙ around 70wk: egg production drops for laying rest, feed restricted and lights turned off ∙ 23% reduction of bird weight over 2wk then 2 more weeks to bring them back ∙ hens come back into production until around 90wk |
| factors in egg quality | ∙ egg size/weight: increases with hen's age, manipulated through dietary amino acid content ∙ shell quality: decreases with hen's age - wrinkles, Ca deposits, weak spots, odd shapes, shell-less |
| internal egg defects | ∙ blood spot: vessel severed when yolk released from ovary and retained in egg ∙ meat spot: part of ovarian tissue breaks off with yolk and is retained in egg ∙ yolk: double yolk in jumbo eggs, no yolk |
| post production layers | ∙ sold for very low price, often to make dog food and other canned products - very little meat yield |
| equine TPR | ∙ temp: 99-101*F ∙ pulse: 30-40 beats/min ∙ resp: 10-20 breaths/min |
| swine industry trends | ∙ industry consolidating into fewer farms but with larger inventory |
| types of swine operations | ∙ farrow-to-wean ∙ finishing ∙ farrow-to-finish ∙ purebred/seedstock ∙ integrated corporate production |
| farrow-to-wean operations (pigs) | ∙ consists of breeding herd ∙ produced early-weaned pigs at 10-15lbs or feeder pigs at 35-50lbs (mainly feeder pigs) |
| finishing operations (pigs) | ∙ feeder pigs grown to market weight and size - ~280lbs at 6months old |
| farrow-to-finish operations (pigs) | ∙ breeding herd maintained ∙ pigs produced and finished for market at same farm |
| purebred/seedstock operations (pigs) | ∙ similar to farrow-to-finish except product is mainly breeding boars/gilts or show pigs ∙ main goal is to produce purebred genetics |
| integrated corporate operations (pigs) | ∙ generally farrow-to-finish with seedstock too ∙ various phases generally located at different sites - sow facility, nursery facility, finishing facility ∙ caused several industry changes: more pigs owned by fewer people, specialization and contracting |
| phases of swine operations | ∙ breeding ∙ gestation ∙ farrowing ∙ nursery ∙ grower ∙ finishing |
| which pigs have erect ears? | ∙ those whose breed name ends with -shire |
| maternal swine breeds | ∙Yorkshire ∙ Landrace ∙ Chester White |
| terminal swine breeds | ∙ Hampshire ∙ Duroc ∙ Berkshire ∙ Poland China ∙ Spot |
| pros and cons of swine confinement housing | ∙ pros: less labor, more stable environment, less parasites and disease, increased productivity ∙ cons: expensive buildings and equipment, energy costs, waste disposal |
| processing piglets | ∙ clip needle teeth, treat umbilical, administer iron, dock tail, identify, treat splaylegged piglets, provide nutrients, castrate |
| records to keep for swine | ∙ birth date ∙ number born alive and dead, date and cause of death of piglet ∙ pedigree info ∙ # weaned and piglet/litter weight at weaning ∙ feed intake during lactation ∙ medications and withdrawal periods |
| creep feeding piglets | ∙ start around 10d for piglets weaned 3wks old and later ∙ sow milk usually plateaus at 12-16d lactating without nutrients to sustain piglet growth ∙ use proper diet, supply water, keep feed fresh and easily accessible |
| why raise small ruminants? | ∙ less acreage required vs other livestock ∙ less investment ∙ reproductive efficiency ∙ grazing behavior - goats clean up brush |
| structure of sheep industry | ∙ producers, lamb feeders, lamb processors, wool buyers/warehouses, shearers, other support industries ∙ usually either range or farm flock production |
| range production (sheep) | ∙ migratory (usually intermountain states) or fenced (Texas and other SW states) ∙ produce majority of lamb and wool in U.S. |
| farm flock production (sheep) | ∙ defined by size, found anywhere ∙ very diverse with differing production goals - profit may not be most important - purebred sheep, club lambs, high quality wool ∙ produce lambs for traditional meat market or for emerging ethnic market trade |
| lamb feedlots | ∙ feeder lambs fed high-energy diet ∙ enter at 60-110lbs, finish at 130-140lbs |
| fine wool sheep | ∙ wool has smallest fiber diameter - most valuable in market and make up 50% of world's sheep population ∙ adapted to hot, dry climates, hardy, long-lived, gregarious, less seasonal breeders ∙ Rambouillet, Merino |
| medium wool, dual-purpose sheep | ∙ cross between fine and medium wool ∙ white faced ∙ raised for meat but have better wool quality than medium meat-type breeds ∙ Polypay, Columbia, Finnsheep |
| medium wool meat sheep | ∙ wool is intermediate in fiber diameter and length ∙ excel in meat production - growth and carcass traits ∙ mostly of British origin, make up 15% of world's sheep population ∙ Suffolk, Dorset, Hampshire, Southdown |
| long wool sheep | ∙ wool has largest fiber diameter, staple length, and yield - popular among hand spinners ∙ best adapted to areas with high rainfall and abundant forage ∙ Lincoln, Romney |
| hair sheep | ∙ bodies covered with hair or mix of hair/wool that is naturally shed - does not require shearing or tail docking ∙ resistant to parasites and growing in popularity - 10% of world's sheep population ∙ Katahdin, Dorper |
| minor sheep breeds | ∙ vary in type and quantity of wool and characteristics - usually unique, "heritage-type" breeds ∙ Gulf Coast Native: adapted to hot, humid conditions of southeast U.S. |
| lamb vs. mutton | ∙ lamb is from sheep <1yr old - milder flavor and easier to digest than beef ∙ mutton is from sheep >1yr old |
| sheep dairy production | ∙ concentrated in Europe and Middle East ∙ higher solid content than goat or cow milk -> most processed into cheeses ∙ produce less milk than goats and much less than cattle -> milk much more expensive |
| sheep wool production | ∙ harvested in spring - avg 7.2lbs/fleece ∙ grade: avg fiber diameter and length of individual fiber ∙ value: based on suitability for specific end uses |
| pre-breeding management for sheep | ∙ cull broken mouths, check feet, shear wool, vaccinations, parasite control ∙ ewes: "flush" (boost nutrition) to increase fertility ∙ rams: breeding soundness exam |
| lambing | ∙ mid Feb-late March, usually born 30-45 minutes after water breaks ∙ dystocia seen with high birth weights and twins ∙ lambing care: dip navel, colostrum, dock tail and castrate in first week, vit.E and selenium |
| lambing jug | ∙ small pen for ewe and lambs shortly after lambing - at lease 4x4ft in size ∙ remain here for 12-24hrs to encourage bonding |
| shearing sheep | ∙ hair sheep do not require shearing, crutching, or docking ∙ other sheep require annual shearing and lambs' tails should be docked ∙ hair crosses may require shearing but fleeces should be discarded |
| goat industry structure | ∙ larger operations primarily in Texas and operate similar to fenced range production of sheep ∙ smaller operations more numerous in south and increasing in eastern ethnic population centers ∙ majority of harvesting from small facilities and farms |
| goat production systems | ∙ project: show goats, some replacement females kept, exceptional male kids left intact ∙ commercial: produce meat type kids for slaughter, replacement females ∙ purebred production: females and males for other producers, replacement females kept |
| meat goat breeds | ∙ Boer ∙ Spanish ∙ Myotonic ∙ Savannah ∙ Kiko |
| dairy goat breeds | ∙ La Mancha ∙ Alpine ∙ Nubian |
| fiber goat breeds | ∙ Angora ∙ Cashmere |
| miniature breeds | ∙ Nigerian Dwarf ∙ Pygmy |
| small ruminant reproduction | ∙ puberty: sheep at 5-12mo, goats at 3-7mo ∙ estrous cycle: sheep 17d, goats 21d ∙ estrus: sheep 24-36hr, goats 24-48hr ∙ both seasonally polyestrous, short-day breeders, 5mo gestation, 1-3 offspring, 1male:35female |
| internal parasites in small ruminants | ∙ most common cause of anemia diagnosed with FAMACHA test (3 or better for no anemia) - Haemonchus contortus, barberpole worm ∙ deworm only when necessary for individual animal to avoid anthelmintic resistance |
| Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) in small ruminants | ∙ thiamine deficiency -> blindness, ataxia, weakness ∙ treat with dose of thiamine, only feed hay for 5 days then gradually return to high energy diet |
| goat production practices | ∙ kidding: dip navel, ID, weigh, colostrum ∙ castrate 1-4wks old, dehorn 3d-3wk old ∙ tail docking: don't cut too short - predisposes to rectal prolapse ∙ hoof trimming: trim so that sole is parallel to coronary band ∙ vaccination and deworming |
| predator control for small ruminants | ∙ all sheep and goats very vulnerable to predators - horns do not protect goats and predators are a significant threat to the operation ∙ guard dogs (Great Pyrenees), donkeys, electric fences, night confinement |
Created by:
junoreg
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