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Anth 101- Archeology
| Concept | Explination |
|---|---|
| African Burial Ground | 18th Century Burial Site in NYC that revealed the buried individual's health, living and labor conditions, impacts of enslavement, and the coming together of cultural traditions |
| 10- "So you're an archaeologist, but you're in the department of Anthropology?" | Archaeology is the sociocultural study of old objects; meaning making from material culture |
| Deetz | material culture is the manifestation of that which is socially learned; it can be physical or conceptual |
| William Rathje | modern material culture- what people do and say can have a large disconnect |
| 9- "Do you actually dig?" | the things archaeologists dig don't have to be old, but what is dug up has significant meaning depending on the context in which it is found |
| Campus Archaeology Tour | -How much has it changed? -How much was built in slave labor? -Stumbling across the sites: it's all around us |
| Why do they dig? | Most things archeologists are interested in are under the ground |
| in situ | finding things in layers in which they were deposited; "slice of life" |
| Looting | removing of artifacts without recording the archaeological context |
| Square uncovering | allows archeologists to organize easily in a grid pattern |
| Trench uncovering | a slice into the earth to see how long the feature is |
| Layer by layer uncovering | allows for an aerial view of the feature; provides additional insight into the context of the feature |
| 8- "How do things get underground?" | Excavation and releveling, people shift and leave things behind that layer up |
| Stratigraphy | the order and relative position of strata and their relationship to the geological time scale (branch of geology) |
| Law of Superposition | the oldest layer is at the base and the layers are progressively younger w/ ascending order (relative dating) |
| 7- " How deep do you go?/ How deep is ______ years?" | Relative dating, so it depends on the site; excavation to the point they no longer see human activity |
| C-14 Dating | At a time in the past, the material composition changed and we can compare it to today to determine how much time has passed (absolute dating) |
| Terminus post quem | f we know when it was made, we can determine how old the soil in the area is (more accurate with more dates); usually pinpointed off the most recent artifact) |
| 6- "How do you know where to look?" | Sometimes people stumble upon things on accident, but there are certain tools to help archaeologists know where to dig |
| Geophysics | analyzing of the earth |
| GPR | anomalies in the density of the soil |
| Magnetometry | detecting magnetic anomalies in the ground |
| LiDAR | evaluating of the bare level of the surface to distinguish the differences in elevation |
| Surface Collection | evaluating the surface contents (artifacts) to determine where the activity areas might be |
| 5_ "Find any gold?" | Findings are mostly of non-monetary value; things that were used for trade/monetary purposes provide insight into how society and cultures functioned |
| Historical archaeology | post-medieval contemporary archaeology |
| 4- "What's the coolest thing you've ever found?" | Jamestown (Grape Bubble Gum) and Rich Necks (Drilled through pieces of tobacco pipes, shell, and pewter), Stagville (Bottle from pharmacy) |
| Pauli Murray- NC | Site where professor introduced artifacts and features |
| Artifact | something that is made/modifies by people that are removable from the site |
| Features | something made/modified by people that cannot be removed from the site without damaging the object |
| 3- "Why do we need archaeology fi we have written records?" | written records can be used to get the general principles of a society to complement what they see in archaeological records |
| History of Kiva | no written record |
| History of Rosetta stone | needs context |
| Stagville lecture | complement of records to archaeological data |
| 2- "Have you ever been to Egypt?" | be so fr |
| V. Gordon Childe | "the urban revolution" (in reference to Egypt) |
| Social Complexity | what happens when people start to live together in large groups- wealth, social class/inequality |
| Archaeological Dimensions (James Deetz) | Space, Time, and Form |
| Grave Sites | infrequently disturbed (space), dates on gravestones (time), and gravestone styles (form) |
| Archaeological context-space of gravestones | spread of ideas from one community to another during the 20th century |
| Phillis Wheatly home for Girls | Projection of identities in the 20th century |
| Form | categories of artifacts and differences among them |
| Chronology | Change over time (in the context of for and space) |
| Frequency serration (Sir Williams Petrie) | introduction, incline, and decline of a form overe time (relative dating technique) |
| Stylistic Serration (Sir Williams Petrie) | placing forms in chronological order (relative dating) |
| PW Home for Girls- Respectable place for girls to live | infrastructurally respectable place to live (context and form) |
| Dendrochronology | using tree rings in a specific region to create an accurate timeline; only tells when the tree died and how that date relates to the ting we are interested in (absolute dating) |
| K-Ar Dating | good for human evolution; using Argon levels from volcanic rocks |
| Typology | the systems used to create to categorize forms |
| Form and Time (Deetz and ceramics) | Items not used frequently; variety; ceramics are cheap and frequently discarded |
| Examining time | bottlenecks in the family bathroom; using dimensions to evaluate human behavior; holding form and space constant to evaluate time; form through time (television sales) |
| Forms in space | TVs in homes and how they're distributed |
| Focusing on space | allowing time to varry |
| Sinks | Form- material (ceramics vs. stainless steel), two smaller sinks Space- windows, items on windowsill, clutter in sink Time- Dirty dishes accumulated over time |
| Foraging | hunter-gathering |
| Pastoralism | a basic economy that is exclusive to herding animals; usually coupled with nomadism |
| Horticulture | slash-and-burn agriculture, swidden cultivation- planting of crops by continually moving area of cultivation |
| Agriculture | maintaining the soil area to grow crops; cultivation and horticulture |
| As we find examples of other forms of food collection | it has become increasingly clear that hunting is not essential to human society |
| Food acquisition is not a progression | one form is not more primitive than another |
| Food Production sequence (Abu Huyera) | Increase to human management; hunter-gather to pastoralism |
| Neolithic | (New stone age) sedentism, domestication, ground stone tools, and pottery categorize this era |
| Paleolithic | stone tools |
| Patty Jo Watson | the first plants domesticated weren't maze, but chia seeds |
| Tehuacán | Corn taking over, reduction in variety can be caused by absorption of time into one resource |
| Marshall Sahlins | hunter gatherers were the original affluent society (affluent in time bc of lack of stratification among social classes) |
| Ethnoarchaeology | the ethnographic study of peoples for archaeological reasons, usually through the study of the material remains of a society |
| Lewis Binford | worked with those in a polar region to evaluate their foraging lifestyle |
| 21st Century Subsistence | Food culture is systematically perpetuated by itself and each of its elements |
| Map of Norway v. Map of Virginia and local retail stores | 10 minute walk versus 45 minute walk shows the different dynamics of food within a community |
| Chica Beverage given to elites | stratification of classes, specialized workers made the beverage, but the elite consumed it (observed in bones and teeth) |
| Characteristics of Civilization | Social (Primary) Material (Secondary) and Social Complexity |
| In a society like ours | social learning relies on the skills and learning of other people. |
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