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Exotics Test 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what types of birds have more vertebrae in their necks and why | Swans have more due to their food gathering mechanism of dabbling |
| how many vertebrae does a swan have and how many does a parrot have | swans=25 parrots=9 |
| flightless birds do not have a ___________ since they have no use for large flight muscles | keel |
| what flightless bird has a keel and why | penguins since they fly through the water with their modified wings |
| what is the main way birds have their weight to be able to fly | through their loss of teeth, jaw bones, nearly all the tail and reduction of the skull |
| which bones are connected to the resp system and why | Humerus and Femur, this is to cool the bird during flight |
| what is the special emus name mentioned in class | Oliver |
| what does the keel do for avians | provides solid attachment point for pectoral muscles |
| how is stress mitigated on a bird | adding rigidity to the skeleton |
| what is the coracoid and what is it also known as | the fusing the two collar bones together to create rigidity -also known as the wishbone |
| what is the uncinate processes on a bird | lateral boney extensions on the rubs which attach one rib to another strengthening the whole ribcage |
| what part of the body in the bird brings both the legs and wings closer to the centre of gravity | compact thorax |
| what is the compact thorax also important in for birds | balance, flight, bipedal locomotion |
| true or false: birds do not have a diaphragm | true |
| where do birds breath in air | through two nares situated at the base of the beak, air enters trachea moving past the syrinx |
| what is the syrinx in a bird | vocal cords |
| how do birds air sacs work | freshly inhaled air fills the abdominal air sacs and also into the posterior air sacs. when the bird breathes out this air moves from these air sacs into the lungs. when it breathes out the air passes up the bronchus and out of the birds system |
| which air sacs are the most important in a bird | abdominal |
| how many breathes does it take for air to pass in and out of a birds resp system | 2 breaths |
| how many times smaller are birds lungs than ours | 10-100 times |
| why are birds lungs smaller than ours | the air travels through the lungs and this allows for greater exchange rate in gases and continuous air flow over the alveoli |
| what are the 5 air sacs birds have | -cervical -interclavicular -anterior -posterior -abdominal |
| why do birds need to tilt their head back to get the food form the buccal cavity to the esophagus using gravity | they do not have a soft palate, therefore they cannot swallow |
| where is the crop found in a bird | base of the esophagus |
| what is the crops purpose | store food until it can digested later |
| what are the two seconds of the stomach in a bird | - proventriculus - gizzard |
| what is the proventriculus sometimes also called and what does it do | also called the glandular stomach, produces a large amount of digestive juices and chemically breaks down the food |
| what is the function of the gizzard in a bird | mechanical breakdown |
| what can you give birds to prevent stones/food from getting lodged in the gizzard | grit |
| what 2 vestibule organs do birds have | gallbladder and appendix |
| how many liver lobes does a bird have and is the bile acidic or alkaline | 2 lobes, alkaline |
| in birds the _____ stores bacteria which is essential for the breakdown of cellulose | caeca |
| where does the digestive tract end in a bird | in the cloaca where fecal matter, urates, and eggs in the female exit |
| what is the cloaca | cloaca is also known as the vent which is the common orifice for waste and reproductive functions |
| what can help when restraining birds to help reduce stress | dimmed lights, towel or facecloth |
| how to restrain small birds | -grasp cheek bones between index an middle finger and allow bird to use thumb and little finger to birch |
| how to restrain large birds | use a towel to capture and control wings, gloves may be requires. retrain head with thumb and forefinger around the neck pressing up against the mandible |
| what is the smallest of the common avian species | zebra society finch 10-16g |
| what is the largest of the common avian species | conure 80-100g |
| what are toys used for in the avian species | grinding down beak and environmental stimulation |
| 3 components of droppings | feces (should be green) urates (white/tan and chalky) urine (liquid and clear) |
| what is BAR attitude of a bird | vocal, interacting with owner |
| what is QAR attitude of a bird | not vocal, alert and standing, looking around |
| what is a depressed of a bird | feathers ruffled, standing on bottom of cage, eyes 1/2 closed |
| what does a droop in the wing placement mean | coracoid fracture |
| what does a normal conjunctiva look like in a horse | pale, pink and moist |
| what part of a birds eye is very pronounced | nictitating membrane |
| what is the cere | fleshy portion of back |
| what can you see when you look into a birds ears | back of the eyeball |
| what is prognathism | upper beak resting inside lower beak |
| what is the Choana | slit at the roof of the mouth (connects trachea and nares) |
| why do you avoid using alcohol on birds | avoid cooling them down |
| what is a common skin condition in birds because of their air sacs | emphysema (air under the skin) |
| what part of the body on a bird do you use to check BCS score | pectoral muscles, should be convex but still enabling the keel to be felt |
| what is over preening | excessive re-organizing barbs on feathers causing self trauma |
| why do loons have the biggest uropygial gland | they cannot stand |
| what is the uropygial gland | at the base of the tail which produces oil for preening, etc as well as making them waterproof |
| what two spots do you auscultate on a bird | cranial thorax (cardiac and resp sounds) caudal thorax (wheezes/ abnormal resp sounds) |
| what is the minimum database for procedures that require anesthesia for birds | CBC, biochemical profile |
| what is the ultimate place to draw blood from blood | right jugular |
| where are SQ injections given in birds | inguinal wing flap |
| how long do you fast birds | small 6-12 hours large 12 hours |
| how long do you fast raptors and waterfowl | 12-24 hours if necessary |
| what is the daily maintenance fluid rate for birds | 50 ml/kg/day |
| in emergency situations for birds a bolus of ______ IV over a five minute period is well tolerated | 10 ml/kg |
| what can dextrose help treat in birds | hypoglycemia associated with fasting and inappetence |
| what catheter site is common in birds | Intraosseous |
| what are the only 2 bones that can be used for IO fluids | tibia and ulna |
| what anesthetics are common in birds | ISO and SEVO |
| why are injectable anesthetics rarely used in birds | it is very difficult to control anesthetic depth |
| what other substance can be used with ISO to create a more stable plane of anesthesia for birds | Nitrous Oxide 2:1 ratio |
| what emergency drugs should be ready and drawn up for bird anesthesia | atropine and epinephrine |
| why is an incubator a good thing to have for birds pre-op and post-op | due to their high metabolic rate and small sizes they are very prone to hypothermia |
| how often do bird feathers molt | 1-2 times a year |
| how much of the birds feathers be plucked around the surgical site | 2-3 cm around it |
| since we cant use alcohol on birds what is the alternative second step in the final prep | saline |
| what drapes for avians are preferred and why | opsite clear drapes since you can visually monitor them under anesthesia |
| what position are birds placed in for surgical procedures | dorsal or lateral recumbency |
| what ET tubes do you use on avians | traditional just do not inflate the cuff as their tracheas cannot expand |
| how are ET tubes secured to the bird | to their beak with a piece of tape |
| what does an ECG measure on birds and what speed must it be able to go up too? | pulse rate and rhythm, 100mm/s and amplify the signal to 1mV equal to 1cm |
| what artery is used for doppler placement in birds | superficial ulnar artery or the deep radial artery just inside the elbow |
| how often should birds be breathing | at least once every 2 to 7 seconds while under anesthesia |
| a ________ drop in heart or resp rate indicates impending cardiopulmonary arrest in birds | 20% |
| blood pressure is limited to ____ avian patients | small |
| what is the normal indirect systolic doppler blood pressure of awake and anesthetized birds | awake: 151 +/- 51 mm Hg anesthesia: 112 +/- 42 mm Hg |
| what should the blood pressure under ISO or SEVO anesthesia be in birds | 90-140 mm Hg |
| how long should you stay with birds in post op | until they can stand up on their own |
| doses of analgesia in birds must be _________ do to their rapid ______. | higher, metabolism |
| what analgesia drugs are common in avians | butorphanol, carprofen, meloxicam |
| what should you monitor for in birds after using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory meds | gastro upset and bleeding and renal effects |
| what is the most common breed of fish used in research | zebra fish |
| what bodies of water are fish normally in | lakes, streams, oceans |
| what does the depth of the water effect for the fish | temperature and oxygenation |
| what are the components of water chemistry for a fish | -pH varies with body of water -salinity (dH) stable within large bodies of water -good buffering capacity |
| what structures do fish like to live upon | weeds, rocks, logs, man made |
| Food source for fish in nature | often predatory, vegetation, garbage |
| what is the difference with temperature and depth in an aquarium and not in nature | -limited depth and temperature is constantly the same |
| what species of fish can live in any source of water | bull sharks |
| what salt water species are starting to adapt in Australia | salt water crocodiles |
| why are plants in a aquarium more common to be artificial | -plants require careful upkeep and decaying organic matter creates major health issues |
| food source for fish in captivity | -pellets/flakes -most commonly meal fed -does not allow for natural/foraging behaviour |
| what are fish most commonly classified by what characteristics | their habitat and salt content of the water they inhabit |
| marine fish are generally ________ where _______ are from lakes/rivers/streams | dwelling, freshwater |
| what are brackish (estuaries) waters | areas where the ocean and fresh water meet |
| estuaries are extremely environmentally significant and act as a _________ _______ for many marine animals including ______ and __________. | nursing grounds, whales, sharks |
| ppt (parts per thousand) of freshwater, marine, brackish waters | fresh: 0 ppt marine: 35 ppt brackish: 0.5-35 ppt |
| 4 types of aquaria | -glass (most common) -acrylic (better cleaning) -wood (fish farming) -fiberglass and plastic (research) |
| aquarium fish requirements: | -adequate space -proper temp -proper water chemistry -proper food -structures |
| why is aeration needed in a tank | bubblers to provide additional oxygenation due to lack of water movement |
| what kind of filtration is used in a fish tank | charcoal compartment to remove chemicals and a sponge to trap organic particles |
| you must ____________ the water in a fish tank before adding more | de-chlorinate |
| what is the name of the surface feeding fish | upper/superior mouth |
| what is the name of the normal feeding fish | final/ terminal mouth |
| what is the name of bottom dweller feeding fish | bottom/ inferior mouth |
| wide mouths usually belong to _________ fish while smaller mouths belong to _______ fish | predatory, omnivorous |
| what do whiskers do for inferior mouth fish | -work as taste organs when trying to locate food and muddy water |
| what are fins used for | spawning, movement, stability, nest-building and tactile organs |
| what fin causes propulsion | caudal or tail fin |
| what fins are used to attract mates | caudal fins that are large and elongated |
| what fin helps the fish with balancing | single dorsal fin |
| what is the tiny fin that is sometimes present on fish | adipose |
| what do fish have to protect their body | scaled (catfish have boney plates) |
| how are gases exchanged in the fish | using their gills in the surrounding water |
| what is the outer covering of the gills called | operculum |
| True of false: fresh water fish never drink and are constantly excreting water through their gills in order to maintain their body salt levels | True |
| what is the lateral line in a fish | an organ made up of a series of fluid-filled ducts that are located just under the scales of the fish |
| what does the lateral line do for a fish | vibrations are picked up, predators are detected, food can be found, and can even help navigate the fish despite having no vision |
| which fish relies entirely on their lateral line for vision | Blind Cave Fish |
| what is the function of the fish swim bladder | air-filled bladder that keeps a state of neutral buoyancy so they will neither sink or float |
| 3 tank signs of a sick fish | -cloudy water caused by ammonia, bacteria, algae bloom -protein foam on the surface of the water due to animal not eating -species may have gone missing and cant find them |
| what is the "Shimmy" movement of a fish | if there is an increase of bacteria or missing salts, you may see the fish move from side to site while staying in one place |
| what does it mean when a fish is black flushing the gills | they stick their head out of the water and squirt out water which could result from dinoflagellates or gill problems |
| _____________ or toxins can cause weight loss even if the fish is eating and ultimately result in liver damage | mycobacterium |
| what causes white spots on the fish | lymphocystis, bacteria, fugus, etc |
| what causes dark spots on the fish | embedded larva of trematodes |
| what is it called when a fish has an eye protruding and what can it be caused form | Exopthalmos, cab be caused by tumour or parasite behind the eye, gas bubble disease, etc |
| opercules sings of disease | -flared (gill parasites, toxins) -gasping, irregular opercular beat or rapid opercular beat |
| what is the viral disease of the fish and what does it cause | lymphocystis, nodular white swelling on fins or body |
| what is red pest in fish | bloody streaks on fins or body, can possibly lead to fin and tail rot |
| what does mouth fungus look like in a fish | white cottony patches around the mouth. can be fatal unless treated in early stage |
| what does tuberculosis look like in fish | emaciation, hollow belly, possibly sores. main cause for this condition if overcrowding in unkept conditions |
| what is "dropsy" in fish | bloating of the body and protruding scales |
| what is velvet or rust disease of fish and what is it caused by | protozoan disease clamped fins, respiratory distress, yellow or light brown "dust" on the body |
| what is hexamita in fish | protozoan disease, slimy/white mucous feces. fish hides in corner, head above the eyes get thin, blacken in colour, swin backwards |
| what is the ich disease of fish | salt-like specks on body, problems breathing, loss of appetite |
| how many life cycle phases does the ich disease have in fish | 3: adult phase, cyst phase, free swimmer phase |
| what is the one fungal disease of fish | Saprolegnia (tufts or dirty cotton-like growths on skin that can cover large areas of the fish and cause eggs to turn white |
| _________ immobilization is usually less stressful and traumatic than _________ restraint for minor procedures | chemical, physical |
| true or false: anesthesia for a fish is usually delivered in water and is therefore essentially inhalation anesthesia | true |
| for minor diagnostic procedures you ____________ anesthetic until the fish loses ______ and is non-responsive | sprinkle, balance |
| what are the 2 more commonly used anesthetics today for fish | - tricaine (most common) -eugenol |
| chilling a fish is __________ recommened | not |
| prior to anesthesia fish are not fed for ______ feeding cycle | one |
| a _________ anesthetic system works for fish | non-recirculating |
| how is a fish recovered from anesthesia | put in a water tank with no anesthesia |
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jscott41
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