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Exotics Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is SPF | specific pathogen free |
| Which species constitutes almost half the class of animals (40%) | rodents |
| what are rodents characterized by | presence of 2 upper and 2 lower pairs of continuously growing inscisors |
| What is the size range in rodents (include examples) | Harvest Mouse 4-6grams to a capybara at 45kg |
| why do research technicians develop allergies to rodents | due to a mass exposure to dander and aerosolized urine |
| what are 3 clinical signs in a human with rodent allergies | congestion, sneezing, anaphylactic shock |
| 7 ways to recognize a sick mouse | -separates from group -pilo-erection (feverish) -off feed -weight loss -dehydration -lethargic -chattering |
| what does the mouse virus MHV stand for and what kind of virus is it? | Mouse Hepatitis virus -Coronavirus (RNA) |
| what is one of the most significant diseases in lab mice | MHV (mouse hepatitis virus) |
| What system does the MHV virus have a profound effect upon | Immune System |
| What kind of studies is the MHV used for in mice | immunological studies |
| 5 ways you can transmit MHV in mice | 1. aerosol 2. direct contact 3. fomites 4. transplantable tumours 5. transplacental |
| what are the clinical signs in a ADULT mouse with MHV | - usually symptom free |
| clinical signs in neonatal mice with MHV | diarrhea, poor growth, and death |
| what happens if Athymic nude mice get MHV | since they are already immunodeficient they will develop a wasting condition and become emaciated and die |
| what are the diagnostic tests for MHV in mice | -ELISA test -PCR (polymerase chain reaction) |
| what is the difference between the ELISA and PCR test for diagnosing MHV | ELISA: checks for traces PCR: Gold standard, checks for current infection or virus |
| how can you prevent MHV in mice | obtain SPF MHV stock staff working with infected mice should never enter clean rooms |
| what are 4 ways to eradicate MHV in lab mice | -cull the colony -Csection to prevent transfer to offspring -Embryo transfer -Breeding moratorium |
| what is breeding moratorium and how long does it go on for | 8 weeks, interupts possible spread from weanling to neonates |
| what does altricial mean and give an example of a species | Incapable of moving around on their own (mice) |
| what does precocial mean and give an example of a species | Able to move independently (reptiles) |
| what is the Sendai Virus and what species does it affect | Respiratory flu/paramyxovirus found in mice and rats |
| what does "Naive colonies" mean | have had no previous exposure to the disease |
| what does "endemic colonies" mean | has had previous exposure to the disease |
| 3 clinical signs of Sendai virus in naive colonies | -distressed breathing -reduced litter size -death in neonatal litters |
| 3 clinical signs on Sendai virus in endemic colonies | -no obvious infection -mild resp signs -poor growth rate |
| Diagnosis for Sendai virus | PCR ELISA Histological changes in the lung on postmortem |
| what colour might the lungs be if the mouse had the sendai virus | mottled red and ran |
| how to treat the sendai virus in non-breeding colonies | let it run its course but research is halted |
| how to treat the sendai virus in breeding colonies | stop breeding for 60 days and eliminate suckling mice |
| what are 2 bacterial disease of mice | Chronic Respiratory Disease and Shipping Fever |
| True or false: Chronic resp disease in mice is oppurtunistic? | True |
| what are the 2 causes of chronic respiratory disease | -micro-organisms -environmental stress |
| what is the microorganism that causes chronic resp disease in mice | Mycoplasma pulmonis, Cilia associated resp bacillus |
| what does Mycoplasma pulmonis lack and what is it unable to do | lacks a cell wall which renders it unable to live in the environment for long |
| what does CAR stand for | Cilia Associated Respiratory Bacillus |
| True or false: cilia associated respiratory bacillus is gram negative and in the shape of a rod | true |
| what are the 2 ways to transmit chronic resp disease in mice | direct contact and racts can act as a reservoir host |
| what is barbering | a dominant mouse plucking hair from cage mates |
| what are the areas of skin where there is the most hair loss during barbering | head and neck |
| does fighting often occur between to F mice or two M mice | male |
| what are 3 things that can be caused by fighting between mice | -injury to face, back and genitals -hair loss with skin injuries -wound become infected |
| how to treat a fighting wound on a mouse | -lance and drain abscesses -flush wounds using antiseptic -prescrive antibiotics |
| which antibiotic should you avoid in rodents and why | Amino-glycosides as they are nephrotoxic to rodents |
| what drug do you treat all protozoans with in rodents | Metronidazole |
| what protozoan infects the small intestine in a rodent via the ingestion of cysts | Spironucleus muris |
| what age of mice does Spironucleus muris effect most | mice of ages 3-6 weeks |
| what does spironucleus muris cause in mice | poor growth rates, abdominal distension and dehydration |
| what is a good indication of diarrhea in a rodent | feces are stuck to perineum |
| how to diagnose protozoal infections of a mice | Direct microscopic smears of intestinal contents |
| what is the amount of metronidazole you give a mouse to treat a protozoal infection | 1 g/L drinking water |
| what are the other protozoal infections of mice and where are they in the body | Trichomonas: large intestinal flagellate Giardia: small intestinal flagellate |
| 3 common parasitic diseases in mice | myobia musculi, myocoptes musculinus, Radfordia affinis |
| how are fur mites transmitted in mice | direct contact, host specific |
| clinical signs of fur mites in mice | scratching, hair loss, scarring of skin |
| how to diagnose fur mites on mice | magnifying glass on hair, if mouse is dead put it in the freezer and the mites crawl up on the tips of the hair |
| What drug is used to treat the 3 common parasitic diseases in mice | ivermectin |
| what is the genus and species for pinworms in mice | Syphacia oblevato |
| what do the pinworms cause | anus to be sticky and causes irritation |
| diagnoses of pinworms in mice | scotch tape over perineum and exam microscopically for eggs |
| what kind of sterilization can help control pinworms in mice | heat sterilize environment |
| what are the two types of genera that affect mice | Rodentolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) Hymenolepis diminuta (rat tapeworm) |
| what are the intermediate hosts of mice tapeworms | beetles, fleas, cockroaches |
| mice usually only have a heavy ___________ of tapeworm if the animals _______ _________- is compromised | infestation, immune system |
| 3 signs of heavy infestation of tapeworms in mice | emaciation, diarrhea, weight loss |
| How to diagnose tapeworm in mice | fecal floatation, visual of segments |
| which mouse tapeworm can be zoonotic? | Rodentolepis nana |
| what was a common practice in the victorian ages to lose weight | eat tapeworms |
| what is a rat malocclusion | overgrowth of the continually growing incisors due to malalignments of the teeth or lack material to wear down teeth |
| how do we trim down rats teeth | with a dremel |
| what is urolithiasis and what species can it occur in | Stones occurring both in the renal pelvis and urinary bladder (occurs in rats) |
| What makes rats good for kidney stone research | since they are susceptible to urolithiasis |
| signs of urolithiasis | hydronephrosis, uremia, death |
| Define: hydronephrosis | containment of fluid in the kidney |
| Define: uremia | build up of waste products |
| What are red tears (chromodacryorrhea) | porphyrin staining due to stress |
| where is porphyrin produced | Harderian gland located in the third eyelid |
| How long do rats normally live | 2-3 years |
| What is the most common tumour in rats to occur | mammary fibro-adema |
| What is Rat Neoplastic Disease | Cancer/tumours |
| where is the mammary fibro-adema tumour found in the rat | anywhere along the mammary chain |
| are rats in tumour normally benign? | yes |
| what are the two coronavirus strands in rats? | RCV (rat coronavirus) SDAV (sialodacryoadenitis virus) |
| what affects does the Rat Coronavirus have on the body | effect the lower respiratory system such as the bronchi and lungs |
| what affects does the SDAV strand of corona in rats have on the body | effect on the upper respiratory system such as the lacrimal and salivary glands |
| what are the 3 ways coronavirus in rats can be transmitted | aerosol, direct contact, fomites |
| 3 clinical signs of coronovirus in rats | porphyrin staining, enlarged glands (mandibular and parotid), bulgy eyes |
| what are the 4 tests to diagnose coronavirus in rats | -antibody tests -antigen tests -clinical signs -PCR |
| what does MRM stand for in regards to rat diseases | Murine Respiratory Mycoplasmosis |
| what 4 species can carry MRM | mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits |
| what do mycoplasmas not have | a cell wall |
| MRM can be transmitted by direct contact and aerosol but what is the last form of transmission? | intra-uterine |
| 3 clinical signs of MRM | -off fed -coughing -Arched back stance |
| why do animals sometimes go into an arched back stance | abdominal pain |
| what is the treatment for MRM | there is no effective treatment |
| MRM can sometimes cause a _________ ___________ to the lungs on a necropsy | cobblestone appearance |
| what is the disease called that has rats with scabs present on neck and anterior or body | Staphylococcal dermatitis |
| Staphylococcal dermatitis is a ________ infection and it is ____________ and happens after scratching, fighting , clipping, and _____________. | opportunistic, seasonal, over grooming |
| what does Polysporin contain that is nephrotoxic to rats | polymyxin B |
| what is the only disease of hamsters | Wet Tail (proliferative ileitis) |
| what is the cause of wet tail in hamsters | bacteria called Lawsonia Intracellularis |
| how fast can wet tail happen to hamsters | within 24 hours |
| 3 clinical signs of wet tail | -anorexia -dirty anal area -fluid diarrhea and sometimes bloody |
| what antibiotic can treat wet tail | doxycycline |
| what other species can get wet tail | pigs |
| why do guinea pigs get heat stress | they have difficulty with thermoregulation in warm environments. concern with temps over 22 degrees celsius |
| 4 signs of heat stress | -pale MM -Shallow breathing -salivation -coma and death |
| 3 ways to cool down a guinea pig from heat stress | -cold IV/SQ fluids -alcohol on foot pads -cool water baths |
| what does relaxin in the body cause their feet to do | ligaments in feet will spread |
| when is dystocia most common in guinea pigs | in first time pregnant guinea pigs over 6 months of age |
| what physically happens during dystocia | fusion of the pelvis preventing expansion |
| Delivery for guinea pigs should be fast with one coming out every __________ to __________ minutes | 3-7 mins |
| is cystitis more common in female guinea pigs or male guinea pigs | female since we have more exposure in our anatomy |
| what urinary tract problem do guinea pigs get that require surgical removal | Uroliths |
| what disease is more prevalent in older guinea pigs that causes PU/PD, protein in urine and shrunken pitted kidneys on necropsy | Chronic Interstitial Nephritis |
| what is Scurvy in Guinea Pigs | Vitamin C enzyme deficiency |
| what are guinea pigs not able to convert glucose to | ascorbic acid |
| why do humans get scurvy | we do not produce our own vitamin C |
| signs on scurvy | -swollen painful joints -vocalization -anorexia -death |
| what kind of people would always get scurvy | pirates |
| who discovered how to "cure" scurvy and how | the British discovered this called "Limies" because they carried limes since they had vitamin C |
| What is pregnancy toxemia also known as | ketosis |
| what 2 species do you see pregnancy toxemia in? | guinea pigs and sheep |
| what is the cause of pregnancy toxemia | obese females, sudden change in diet, anorexia, and environment stress |
| when does pregnancy toxemia occur | last 1-2 weeks of gestation and into 1st week postpartum |
| 3 signs of pregnancy toxemia | -convulsions -still births -dull/depressed |
| how fast can death occur with pregnancy toxemia | within 24 hours |
| what is 4 miscellaneous diseases found in mammals | -mineralization/fusion anywhere there is damage -vaginal/fecal impactation -malocclusion -bubble foot in birds (podoermatitis) |
| what is the most significant disease in research rabbits | Pasteurellosis |
| what is pasteurellosis also known as | snuffles |
| what does venereal transmission mean | unprotected sex |
| what are 3 possible methods of transmission with pasteurellosis | -venereal -fomites -carrier doe |
| what are 3 signs of pasteurellosis | -Torticollis (head tilt) -SQ abscess -conjunctivitis - |
| 3 ways to diagnose pasteurellosis | -culture nasal passages -ELISA -PCR |
| what are you called when we knowingly or not spread disease around | Typoid Mary |
| what is the bacteria that is in the cats mouth | Pasteurella |
| what kind of GI tract do rabbits and horses have | Hindgut fermenter |
| what causes Enterotoxemia in rabbits | Clostridium which produces an iota toxin which results in profound GI effects |
| what age of rabbits does enterotoxemia affect the most | weanling rabbits at 4-8 weeks |
| rabbits can get ________ _________ but it is dangerous because they are unable to vomit to expel hair accumulation from grooming | hair balls |
| rabbits with hairballs have what clinical sign | anorexic |
| how can ear mites affect rabbits balance | brown thick crusty exudate can penetrate into inner ear affecting balance |
| what is the ORF disease of sheep | Contagious Ecthyma (sore mouth) |
| what is ORF disease | lesions that affect an animal ability to eat, pustules develop on muzzle and between toes and then scab over. |
| what is the worldwide disease for sheep that is also zoonotic | Q-fever |
| what species are carriers of Q-fever | sheep, goats, and cattle |
| how does Q-fever spread | urine, feces, milk, and uterine discharge |
| what can Q-fever cause (diseases) | -endocarditis, hepatitis, chronic fatigue syndrom, and miscarriages |
| 4 clinical signs of q-fever in humans | -high fevers, headaches, sore throat, muscle aches |
| 2 treatments for Q-fever | doxycycline antibiotics, quinolones |
| 3 ways to prevent q-fever | -proper disposal of placenta, dead, or aborted fetuses -avoid contact with milk -restrict public access |
| what are the 3 bacterial vaccines | Meningitis, cholera, anthrax |
| what is Streptoccus Suis serotype 2 | inhabitant of the upper respiratory tract in nonvirulent form |
| what are the effects of Streptoccus Suis disease in pigs | meningitis, septicemia, arthritis, endocarditis |
| clinical signs of Streptoccus Suis in pigs | sudden onset, pig down and paddling, red eyes, death in 24 hours |
| fevers and rashes should always be considered bad although a ____________ rash is okay. If you press a glass against it it will ___________. | blanching, disappear |
| which drug is the last line of defense for Streptoccus Suis | Vancomycin |
| what does NHP stand for | Non Human Primate |
| what is required to have before working with Non Human Primates? | specialized training |
| what species can give you a common cold and you can give it to them | ferrets |
| 4 significant zoonotic diseases from NHP to humans | -measles -rabies -herpes virus -tuberculosis |
| what are the 3 types of herpes | A: Cold Sores B: Death Herpes C: Genital Herpes |
| Herpes B Virus is Enzootic in which monkeys | Macaques |
| Clinical signs of Herpes B virus in NHP | -may be asymptomatic -possible conjunctivitis -possible sores on tongue, lips, or face |
| How does Herpes B virus transmit to others | Direct contact, aerosols, bites/scratches, blood/urine/saliva/feces/body tissues |
| Signs of Herpes B virus in humans | -skin blisters -paralysis -Encephalitis -Death in 70-80% of patients with treatment |
| How to prevent from getting Herpes B virus | -do not use macaques -minimize direct handling -protective covering -educate technicians |
| what order to rabbits belong too | Taxonomic order of Lagomorphs |
| what is included in the lagomorph group | rabbits, hares, and pikas |
| where should rabbits be housed | in a quiet area |
| how does a normal rabbit rest | rest compactly on all 4 limbs with regular twitching of the nostrils |
| what will a timid rabbit do as an indication of stress | vocalize or thump their hind legs |
| what should a rabbit cage be examined for during a pre-op exam | consistency of droppings, quantity of urine, signs of nesting, and signs of appetite |
| what is unique about a rabbits skin | very thin and prone to tearing so be careful when clipping |
| which rabbit has skin like a tomcat | intact buck |
| what do intact does develop under their chin | prominent dewlap (folds of skin) will decrease in size after being spayed |
| where are the scent glands located in a rabbit | between the mandibles but are rarely identified |
| what are the more commonly noticed scent glands in the rabbit | paired inguinal glands appearing as a fold adjacent to the genitalia and anus, brown secretions may accumulate in this area |
| where do pikas live | rocky mountains |
| lagomorphs have a second set of what teeth and what are they called | maxillary incisors called "peg teeth" |
| what makes hares special vs rabbits | born with eyes open, live on open terrain, faster, coat colour changes from season to season |
| all lagomorph teeth are open ___________ and continuously __________ | rooted, erupt |
| how fast do the upper incisors grow in lagomorphs | 2.0mm/week |
| how fast do the lower incisors grow in lagomorphs | 2.4mm/week |
| why can rabbits not anatomically vomit | there is a ridge at the junction of the esophagus and stomach which prohibits vomiting |
| True or False: the size of a Lagomorphs lumen in the small intestine is the size of a straw | True |
| what is the sacculus rotundus or ileocecal tonsil in lagomorphs and why is it significant | where the ileum ends at a T shaped junction with he cecum and large intestine. Potential for intestinal impaction |
| how many times does the cecum coil in the abdominal cavity of a lagomorph | 3 times |
| the cecum hold up ________ of the matter in the large intestine in lagomorphs | 60% |
| what is cecotrophs (night feces) | after meals rabbits produce moist, mucous covered feces which are re-ingested to provide bacteria and nutrients for the rabbit |
| True or False: a hindgut fermenter can have an empty stomach? | FALSE |
| what colour are rabbits urine generally | orange or brownish red in colour |
| what can the calcium in rabbits urine cause | chalky or cloudy appearance |
| what crystals are normal in rabbit urine | calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate |
| how many sensory receptors do rabbits have and what are they extremely sensitive too | 100 million, odour |
| where is the sensory pad located in the rabbit | mucocutaneous junction of each nostril covered by fur |
| how often do rabbits twitch their noses and why | 20-120 times per minute to increase dispersal of smells |
| Rabbits are __________ nasal breathers | obligate (must) |
| how does breathing and dental health go together in rabbits | the nasal passages are in close proximity with the maxillary dentition |
| why are rabbits difficult to intubate | their trachea is deeply recessed within the oral cavity behind the tongue and is narrow relative to body size |
| why are normal and abnormal lung sounds difficult to differentiate in rabbits | their thoracic cavity is small and they have a more referred upper airway and bronchial sounds may sound harsh |
| what position should a rabbit never be placed in for surgery and why | Dorsal recumbency because of significant respiratory compromise |
| how should a rabbit be positioned for a surgery | put on a tilt table to elevate thorax with towels |
| what is different between the atrioventricular valves in a rabbit than a dog/cat | both valves are bicuspid |
| the heart only comprises ___________ of the total body weight of a rabbit | 0.3% |
| why do rabbits have a predisposition for pulmonary hypertension | they have the most muscular pulmonary artery of any species |
| why do we never use the external jugular on rabbits for blood collection | provides the main route for venous drainage from the head |
| Thrombosis or ligation of the rabbits external jugular can cause ___________ temporarily | exophthalmos (eyes pop out) |
| how much do rabbits bones weight compared to their body weight | 8% |
| why can a rabbit not be de-clawed | there is no foot pads |
| what are rabbits spines more prone too | luxation |
| where are the testes located in the rabbit | within the hairless scrotal sacs which are located cranial to the penis |
| why can rabbits retract their testes during examination | their inguinal canals remain open throughout their lifespan |
| True or False: Male rabbits do not have nipples | true |
| what do you use to sex rabbits | digital pressure is applied to extrude the genitalia |
| what are the 3 major contributors to anesthetic mortality in rabbits | 1. stress 2. hypoxia 3. existing disease |
| what is released in a rabbit during stress that increases risk of cardiac arrhythmias | catecholamines |
| what is Oliguria and how long can it last | decrease in urine flow and kidney function and can last 30-120 mins |
| stress affects ____________ metabolism and can cause an increase in blood glucose to ___________mmol/L | carbohydrate, 8-10 |
| what can stress induced anorexia, reduced gut motility and disruption of carbohydrate metabolism cause in rabbits | hepatic lipidosis, liver failure and death |
| rabbits suffering from dental disease have significantly lower _________ counts than healthy rabbits | lymphocyte |
| what is capture myopathy called in humans | broken heart syndrom |
| what is capture myopathy | muscle is broken down in response to stress this results in myoglobinuria and lactic acid build up. Acidosis leads to eventual death of not treated |
| why are rabbits prone to hypoxia | due to their small lung capacity and restricted nasopharynx |
| what is another survival mechanism of rabbits as prey animals | their ability to hide signs of pain and illness |
| what are the 3 names of the Bullsharks that live in lake nipissing for the bonus question :) | Happy, Harry, Sir-bites-alot |
| when should you take away food before surgery on a rabbit | few hours before |
| what is prokinetic therapy and give an example | drugs that increase peristalsis such as metaclopramide |
| it is vital that a rabbit us eating and passing hard feces within _________ of surgery | 24 hours |
| 3 common ways of inducing a rabbit | 1. masking down 2. Medetomidine, Ketamine, Butorphanol 3. IV induction with propofol |
| advantages and disadvantages to masking a rabbit | A: recovery is fast D: may induce stress |
| advantages and disadvantages to the drug mix for induction | A:reversal with atipamezole D:medetomidine decreases oxygen tension reducing SPO2 |
| advantages and disadvantages to propofol induction | A: rapid induction and recovery D: limited time for intubation |
| how is the rabbit positioned for intubation | sternal recumbency and neck extended |
| what is the normal ET sizes for rabbits | uncuffed 2.0-3.0mm |
| when do you insert the ET tube | once breath sounds are heard |
| how can you monitor MM on a rabbit | nose, lips or tongue |
| the abscess of what reflex in rabbits is a dangerous anesthesia depth | corneal reflex |
| which reflex can be used to monitor anesthesia depth and which one cannot | palpebral cannot be toe pinch can be |
| ________ is essential for all rabbits undergoing any surgical procedure | analgesia |
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jscott41
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