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NSDD - Week 4
Haematology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What Conditional Requirements Must Blood Meet For Haematology? | -Room temperature -Clot free -Fresh (no more than 24hrs old, 1hr for blood smears) -EDTA anticoagulated |
| What Are The Two Parts To Routine Haematology Assessment? | -Quantitative assessment (numerical results, blood parameters) -Qualitative assessment (assessment of cell morphology) |
| What Is A PCV? | -Stands for packed cell volume -Measurement of the portion of blood that is made up of red blood cells, expressed as a percentage |
| What Is The Normal PCV Range For A Dog? | 33-55% |
| What Is The Normal PCV Range For A Cat? | 25-45% |
| What Breeds Of Dog Are Known To Have A High PCV With No Clinical Significance? | Sighthounds such as greyhounds. |
| What Might A High PCV Indicate? | -A high number of red blood cells within the sample will mean a low amount of plasma -This could indicate dehydration (polycythaemia) |
| What Might A Low PCV Indicate? | -Less red blood cells within the sample and the more plasma -This could indicate anaemia or aggressive fluid therapy administration |
| What Equipment Is Needed To Carry Out A PCV? | -Gloves -Fresh blood sample (EDTA) -Plain capillary tubes -Tissue -Cristaseal -Microhaematocrit -Hawksley reader or equivalent |
| What Are The Components Of A Spun PCV? | -Wax plug at bottom -Packed red blood cells (at bottom) -Buffy coat -Plasma (as non-clotted) |
| What Three Ways Can A PCV Be Calculated Once Its Been Spun? | -Hawksley reader -Stat spin microhaematocrit reader -Ruler |
| How Many PCV Samples Should Be Produced To Ensure Accuracy? | 4 |
| How Do You Use A Hawksley Reader To Calculate PCV? | -Position the top of the wax plug on the black zero line -Move the plastic slider until the top of the plasma is in line with the top black line -Adjust the level of the silver line until it passes through the buffy coat -Read the number |
| How Do You Use A Stat Spin Microhaematocrit Reader To Calculate PCV? | Position the sample so that the base of the RBC’s rests on the zero line of the reader and the top of the plasma rests on the 100% line at the top of the reader. |
| How Do You Use A Ruler To Calculate PCV? | -Position PCV on ruler with the RBC layer starting at 0 -Measure the height from the top of the wax plug to the top of the RBCs (A) -Measure the full length of the sample from the top of the wax plug to the top of the plasma (B) -Divide A by B x 100 |
| For Each 1% Increase In PCV From The Normal = ______/kg Fluid Loss Has Occurred And Should Be Added On To The Fluid Therapy Deficit Calculation | 10ml |
| What Is Total Protein? | The amount of albumin and globulin contained within the blood plasma/serum. |
| What Is The Normal Reference Range For Total Protein In Dogs And Cats Using A Refractometer? | 6-7.5g/dl |
| What Equipment Is Needed To Calculate Total Protein? | -Gloves -Nail clippers -A recently centrifuged microhaematocrit tube -A refractometer (as used for urinary specific gravity) -Distilled water -Tissue -Kidney dish |
| How Do You Calibrate A Refractometer For Total Protein Calculation? | -Place 1-2 drops of distilled water on to the reading plate -Hold the unit up to a good light source and look through the eye piece -The blue section should begin at the wt line on the Serum P scale (usually on the left-hand side) |
| How Do You Calculate Total Protein? | -Snap/cut the haematocrit tube just above the buffy coat layer to separate the RBC and plasma portions -Place 2-3 drops of plasma onto the reading plate of the refractometer -Record the total protein using the serum P scale |
| What Are Blood Smears Used For? | To identify, count, and visualise abnormal cell morphology allowing for monitoring or diagnosis of a range of disease processes. |
| Describe The Process Of Producing A Blood Smear | -Place a drop of blood on a slide -Hold a second slide at an angle -While maintaining contact with the bottom slide, pull the second slide up to reach the drop, the blood will then spread -Push the top slide in one motion -Label and stain |
| What Is A Differential Leucocyte Count Test? | Determines the percentage of each type of white blood cell within the blood sample. |
| What Is A RBC Morphology Assessment? | Identifies changes within the shape, sizes, structure, presence of inclusions and formation of RBCs. |
| What Is A WBC Morphology Assessment And WBC Count Test? | Identifies immature or abnormal changes in WBC cell structure, presence of intracellular inclusions - Total WBC count can be performed using a good blood smear. |
| What Is A Platelet Morphology And Count Test? | Identifies changes in appearance and formation in platelets e.g., clumping, estimated counts can also be performed to verify figures generated by automatic analysers. |
| How Can Slides Be Prepared For Blood Smearing? | -Slides should be cleaned with tissue to remove grease and gritty particles -A spreader slide must be created |
| What Are The Qualities Of A Good Blood Smear? | -Takes up 2/3rds of the slide -Feathered edge -Thin layer of blood (should be able to see rainbow when held to the light -Smooth and even appearance |
| What Can Cause A Poor Quality Blood Smear? | -Dirty or faulty equipment -Using a normal slide instead of a spreader -Excessive downward pressure -Slow spreading motion -Too cold |
| What Are The Different Forms Of Staining That Can Be Used On A Blood Smear? | -Wrights stain -Modified wrights stain (diff quick) -Giemsa stain |
| What Two Stains Are Used As Part Of Modified Wrights (Diff Quick) Staining? | -Solvent: methanol (light blue) - fixes stain to slide -Solution I: Eosin Y (orange/red) -Solution II: Thiazine dyes, methylene blue and azure A (purple/blue) |
| Describe The Giemsa Staining Process For Blood Smears? | -Slides must be fixed in methanol for 5 mins -Commercially prepared powder containing methylene blue, eosin and Azure B -Staining technique is slow (10-15mins), can be up to 30mins to produce a stained sample |
| What Is The Technique For Examining A Blood Smear? | -Scan smear at a low magnification to look for platelet clumps, large cells, or infectious agents -Move up magnification and identify monolayer (feathered edge) -Use oil immersion lens and battlement pattern to count WBCs |
| Which White Blood Cells Fall Under The Classification Of Granulocyte? | -Neutrophil -Eosinophil -Basophil |
| What Is The Structure And Function Of A Neutrophil? | -Produced in bone marrow -Dominant leucocyte in cats and dogs (65%) -Segmented purple nucleus and pale pink granules -Perform phagocytosis |
| What Is Neutrophilia (Left Shift)? | An increase in amount of immature neutrophils released due to inflammation or infection. |
| What Is Neutropaenia? | An abnormally low concentration of circulating neutrophils due to overwhelming infection, autoimmune disorders, etc. |
| What Is The Structure And Function Of A Basophil? | -Not very common (0.1%) -Formed in the bone marrow -Purple nucleus with blue granules -Contain heparin to reduce blood clotting and manufacture histamine |
| What Is Basophilia? | An abnormal abundance of basophils associated with allergic reactions and myeloproliferative conditions. |
| What Is The Structure And Function Of A Eosinophil? | -Produced in the bone marrow -Relatively low numbers within the blood stream (4%) -Purple bi-lobed nucleus with red / orange granules -Involved in allergic responses and immunity against parasites |
| What Is Eosinophilia? | An increase in the number of circulating eosinophils in the blood, can be caused by a response to allergens, drugs, and parasites and in some cases of leukaemia. |
| What Is Eosinopaenia? | A reduction in the normal number of circulating eosinophils. This can be as result of stress reactions, steroid therapy, and cushing’s syndrome. |
| Which White Blood Cells Fall Under The Classification Of Agranulocyte? | -Monocyte -Lymphocyte |
| What Is The Structure And Function Of A Lymphocyte? | -Majority are produced in the lymphoid tissue -B cells are produced in the bone marrow - Moderate numbers within the blood stream (25%) -Large oval or kidney shaped nucleus, that is stained purple -3 different types with different roles |
| What Are The Three Different Types Of Lymphocyte | -B cells = produce immunoglobulin -T cells = are involved in cell mediated immunity -Killer cells (slightly larger in size) = control certain cancer cells and microbial infection by limiting their spread |
| What Is Lymphocytosis? | An increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes as a result of chronic infection, stress and some types of neoplasia e.g., leukaemia. |
| What Is Lymphopaenia? | A reduction in the number of lymphocytes within circulating blood cells. This may be as a result of stress, viral infection, or bone marrow suppression. |
| What Is The Structure And Function Of A Monocyte? | -Large immune cell produced in the bone marrow -Relatively low numbers found within the blood stream (approx. 5%) -Largest of the white blood cells with a large purple, bean shaped nucleus -Chronic phagocyte |
| What Is Monocytosis? | An increase in the number of circulating monocytes. This may be caused by stress, chronic infection, or hepatic inflammation. |
| What Is Monocytopaenia? | A decrease in the number of circulating monocytes. Difficult to assess due to the low reference ranges for this leukocyte. |
| How Can The Amount Of White Blood Cells On A Blood Smear Be Calculated? | Number of specific WBC / total number of WBCs x 100 |
| What Is The Normal Morphology For Canine Erythrocytes? | -No nucleus -Biconcave shape -Circular -Slight variation in size -Central pallor |
| What Is The Normal Morphology For Feline Erythrocytes? | -No nucleus -Biconcave -Circular -Smaller than canine -Little or no central pallor |
| What Is Erythrocyte Crenation? | -Disruption in a cells ability to maintain its isotonic state, cell appears spikey and distorted -No clinical significance -Commonly caused as a result of inappropriate blood sampling, handling, and storage, can also be due to electrolyte imbalances |
| What Is A Schistocyte? | -A fragmented RBC, also known as haemolysis -May have no clinical significance -Caused as a result of poor handling of blood samples, can also be seen with haemolytic anaemia, burns, uraemia |
| What Is Ansiocytosis? | -An abnormal variation in the size of red blood cells -Commonly seen in severely anaemic patients |
| What Is Hypochromasia? | -An increase in erythrocyte central pallor, greater than ½ cell has central pallor -Caused by a deficiency in the production of haemoglobin as a result of iron deficiency caused by chronic haemorrhage |
| What Is Polychromasia? | -An abnormally high number of immature red blood cells in the blood stream (reticulocytes) -They commonly appear densely stained a blue or lilac colour -Causes can be related to anaemia commonly as a result of bone marrow damage e.g. osteosarcoma. |
| What Is Autoagglutination? | -Clumping of red blood cells -This is as a consequence of the presence of antibodies on the surface of the blood cell -Seen to occur in immune mediated haemolytic anaemia as a result of lymphoid tumours (confirmed by direct coombs test) |
| What Is Rouleaux? | -Stacking arrangement of erythrocytes -Caused by an increase in the number of plasma proteins in the blood, causing cells to stick together -Can be clinically insignificant in some cats and horses -Seen in cases with infection and neoplasia |
| What Are Howell-Jolly Bodies? | -Circulating RBC’s with intra cellular remnants of a basophilic DNA nuclei -Seen in animals with absence of spleen, splenic disease, and regenerative anaemia (as spleen usually removes these cells) |
| What Are Heinz Bodies? | -RBC abnormality formed from denatured protein -Less centralised than howell-jolly bodies -Can be caused by toxicity |
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