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Viro final 2
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Question | Answer |
---|---|
Rinderpest | Morbillivirus (survival pH 6.5-7). |
Wildlife is NOT a reservoir | Rinderpest. |
Tx Direct contact (nasal/ocular secretions, body fluids), food & water, aerosol transmission [short distances] & fomites | Rinderpest. |
NO carrier state | Rinderpest. |
Vectors:unknown | Rinderpest. |
Highly Contagious | Rinderpest. |
CS:fever, depression, anorexia, constipation then hemorrhagic diarrhea, serous/ mucopurulent nasal/ ocular discharge, necrosis/erosion of oral mucosa, enlarged LN, DEATH in 6-12d | classic form Rinderpest. |
CSyoung animals, fever & congested mucus membranes, DEATH in 2-3d | peracute Rinderpest. |
mild CS,low mortality,Atypical+/- fever,mild to NO diarrhea,immunosuppression(2ndry infections) | subacute Rinderpest. |
Lesion:Esophagus(brown,necrotic foci)Omasum(rare erosions/hemorrhage)SI,abomasum,cecum,colon (Tiger striping)LN(swollen)Gall bladder(hemorrhagic mucosa)Lungs(emphysema,congestion,pneumonia) | Rinderpest. |
Destroys entire populations of cattle-economically important | Rinderpest. |
Predisposing factors:Naïve populations, young, or mild forms of DZ | Rinderpest. |
Epidemics are seen in all ages | Rinderpest. |
Morbidity (90%),Mortality (100pct-especially naive populations) | Rinderpest. |
DX:CS/Lesions(Tiger/Zebra-striping),VI(from WBC in buffy coat,lacrimal fluid,necrotic foci,aspirations of LN,spleen,LN,tonsil),CPE in cell cultures w/IF,AGID(AG detection),ELISA(OIE recommended) | Rinderpest. |
DDX: IBR, BVD, MCF, F&MDZ, Bluetongue, Salmonellosis, Paratuberculosis, Peste des petits ruminants (DDX via RT-PCR) | Rinderpest. |
Control: Chemically (glycerol & lipid solvents), Natural (pH2 & 12) | Rinderpest. |
Prevention:Vacc available(some interfere w/colostral immy) but heat stability is an issue | Rinderpest. |
Vacc every 3y,Possible eradication in 2010,Other vaccines are more heat stable, recombinant vaccinia & capripox virus available | Rinderpest. |
small ruminants (similar infection rates in goats & sheep) but more severe in goats | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
Sero+:Cattle & Pigs (but they DON’T transmit DZ) | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
Horizontal Transmission: Wildlife (unknown), close contact, aerosol, body secretions, fomites (unknown role) | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
No carrier state | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
Highly Contagious | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
CS: URT infection leads to catarrhal exudates,Non-hemorrhagic diarrhea, emaciation, dyspnea-death(5-10d)Prognosis correlates w/extent of mouth lesions | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
Lesion: Necrotic lesions in the oral cavity & GIT,Zebra stripe in GIT,Lesions are similar to Rinderpest,mucosal erosions,profuse diarrhea,Acute-virus shed in secretions | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
REPORTABLE, ZOONOTIC(List A DZ) | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
Seasonal: Africa rainy season | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
Morbidity (80-90%), Mortality (50-100%) | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
Resembles Rinderpest | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
List A DZ | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
Predisposing factors: Endemic areas, young animals, poor nutrition, parasitic infection, goat spp | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
DX: Oral erosions & GI signs,VI,AG detection (ELISA, AGID, counter immuno-electrophoresis, PCR), AB (VN, ELISA), Serology | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
DDX: Rinderpest, Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, Bluetongue, Pasteurellosis, Contagious ecthyma, FMDZ, Heartwater, Coccidiosis, Nairobi sheep DZ, Mineral poisoning | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
TX: None, meds may decr mortality, supportive care | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
Control: Virus killed by disinfectants (virus survives in chilled/frozen tissues). Quarantine/slaughter, burn/bury carcass, decontaminate/dispose of fomites, vacc in endemic areas, Importation control | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
Prevention: Rinderpest vacc used in Africa,Vacc hinders on going efforts eradicating Rinderpest,attenuatated vacc available in the future | Peste des petits ruminants (PPR). |
Canine Distemper (CDV) | Morbillivirus (survival pH 6.5-7). |
Dogs & wild carnivores (Big cats, Mustelidae, Procyonidae, Canis),High prevelance in young dogs(3-6m) | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
Rep in cyto but w/INIB & ICIB. Peplomeres (2 gp: Hemagglutinin & Fusion), Syncitium formation, -sense RNA, susceptible to heat & drying but survives freezing | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
Horizontal & Vertical Transmission,Direct contact, aerosols | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
Highly Contagious | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
Virus sheds 7-90d post infection | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
Respiratory secretions have the most virus particles | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
Recovered animals harbor virus in CNS | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
Lesion: Neurological signs: twitching, paresis/paralysis (begins w/hind limbs), convulsive chewing/salivation (chewing gum seizures), hyperkeratosis (hard pad DZ) on paws & optic neuritis. Involuentary urinating/ deficating | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
Skin lesions: Vesicular & pustular dermatitis | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
Transplacental infection: pups have severe neurological signs, abort, still birth, weak born, or immunodeficient | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
Severe damage to enamel, dentine, or roots-discoloration | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
Multisystem involvement | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
High Morbidity, vary Mortality. Mildly virulent-Inapparent infections | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
Acute DZ- incidence of encephalitis | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
DDX: Feverish puppies w/multisystmeic signs-Rabies, Leptospirosis, organophosphate poisoning | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
TX: Supportive,Neurological signs-grave prognosis due to progression of signs (if present neuro signs progress) | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
Give ABX but avoid Enrofloxicin & Tetracycline for pneumonia | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
Prevention: Vacc: MLV (100pct eff but may show neurological signs [may resolve w/TX]) & Recombinant CDV (MABs don’t interfere w/vacc) | Canine Distemper (CDV). |
Henipavirus | Hendra (equine morillivirus). |
Horses, Humans | Hendra (equine morillivirus). |
Resistant: Dogs, Chickens, Rats, Mice | Hendra (equine morillivirus). |
Horizontal Transmission: Direct contact (extensive) horse-human contact | Hendra (equine morillivirus). Not all exposed become sick |
Bats-horses (unknown), virus in saliva, contaminated food & possible tick vector | Hendra (equine morillivirus). |
CS: Horses: Depressoin, pyrexia, dyspnea, tachycardia, nasal discharge, sudden death in 1-3d after CS onset | Hendra (equine morillivirus). |
Lesion: Injected mucus w/a cyanotic border, dependent edema, head pressing, ataxia, frothy nasal discharge, severe interlobular edema | Hendra (equine morillivirus). |
ZOONOTIC | Hendra (equine morillivirus). |
Control: Assess risk for area (difficult but note sick horses in endemic areas & bats), don’t handle infected body fluids,Heat & chemically (NaDCC granules) disinfect | Hendra (equine morillivirus). |
Rubulavirus | Canine Parainfluenza virus (CPIV) 2. |
Dogs | Canine Parainfluenza virus (CPIV) 2. |
Kennel situations | Canine Parainfluenza virus (CPIV) 2. |
CS: UR infection, vocal fold edema (high pitched cough)damage to tracheal epithelium2ndy infection | Canine Parainfluenza virus (CPIV) 2. |
Coughing & possible retching in active dogs, productive cough (MABs give variable protection) | Canine Parainfluenza virus (CPIV) 2. |
Associated w/Kennel Cough | Canine Parainfluenza virus (CPIV) 2. |
Inapparent mild URT DZ | Canine Parainfluenza virus (CPIV) 2. |
Predisposing factors: 2wks old or older susceptible, dogs in kennels | Canine Parainfluenza virus (CPIV) 2. |
Control: Isolate infected animals, clean kennels, have adequate ventilation | Canine Parainfluenza virus (CPIV) 2. |
Prevention: CPIV incorporated into vacc,MAB don’t interfere w/vacc | Canine Parainfluenza virus (CPIV) 2. |
CS: Corneal opacity, neurological signs, & reproductive failure | Porcine rubulavirus (Blue eye DZ). |
High Morbidity & Mortality | Porcine rubulavirus (Blue eye DZ). |
Respirovirus | Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3). |
Cattle & Sheep | Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3). |
Aerosols & Direct contact | Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3). |
CS: Pyrexia, cough, serous nasal & lacrimal discharge,incr resp rate,incr breath sounds-worsens w/2ndry bact infection | Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3). |
Rare for fatalities from uncomplicated infections | Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3). |
Fatal cases are seen w/complicated (2⁰ bacterial) infections | Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3). |
Lesion: Cranio-ventral lung consolidation, inflammation, congestion & hemorrhage | Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3). |
Subclinical/Mild respiratory DZ, associated w/Shipping fever(Mannhemia hemolytica) in cattle | Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3). |
Initiator of severe 2ndry bacterial pneumonia | Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3). |
DX: Inclusion bodies +/- identify virus,VI (nasal secretions), Serology (indirect IFA, ELISA, HI, VN [4 fold↑]) | Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3). |
Control: More important to control Mannhemia hemolytica | Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3). |
Prevention: Inactivated & Attenuated vacc available | Bovine Parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3). |
Pneumovirus | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
Characteristic syncytia: infected cells in vivo & in vitro | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
Major contributor of bovine respiratory DZ complex | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
Calves(moderate-severe infection),Adult cattle (mild-subclinical,rarely severe) | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
Persistent infection maintains infection in herds | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
Transmission: Aerosols & Direct contact | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
CS: Mild-severe: fever, nasal & lacrimal discharge, coughing & polypnea (may recover in a few days) | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
Progression: open-mouth breathing & ABD breathing | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
Lesion: Dyspnea & pulmonary emphysema | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
Pulmonary DZ in Calves | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
Seasonal: autumn & winter | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
Predisposing factors: Transportation, overcrowding, adverse weather conditions | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
Concurrent infections w/BVD virus-severe CS | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
Mortality: 20percent | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
DX: CS/Lesions. Confirmatory lab tests (Nasal swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage, lung tissue, paired serum samples,VI(difficult)AG detection(ELISA, IF, PCR)Serology (VN, ELISA) | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
Control: Reduce stress, hygiene, isolate young from older animals, have a closed herd policy | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
Prevention:MLV & inact vacc(fusion surface glycoprotein)They reduce clinical DZ, but short duration,Vacc for US:2MLV & 1Killed vacc,Passive imm interferes w/vacc,Vacc dams during late gestation-incr specific colostral AB | Bovine Respiratory Syncitial virus(BRSV). |
Rabies | Lyssavirus(Species adapted strains of the virus seen in different locations). |
Mammals (& Humans),primarily infects carnivores & bats | Rabies. |
Highly susceptible: foxes, wolves, coyotes & jackals | Rabies. |
Reservoirs: Skunks, raccoons, grey foxes, insectivorous bats | Rabies. |
Horizontal & Vertical,Tx:Virus is present in saliva(biting),non-bite exposure is rare,aerosol inhalation,ingestion of infected secretions/tissues,Transplacental transmission(cows, bats, skunks) | Rabies. |
Humans: >95percent w/dog bites | Rabies. |
Specific mammalian reservoir hosts transmit DZ | Rabies. |
1MOT: Bite wounds | Rabies. |
CS:Loss appetite,anxty,insomnia,Limbic sys infect FURIOUS form(seen more in cats than dogs)gression,excited,biting,Neocortex infection DUMB,form-depress,coma,death(resp arrest)hydrophobia,CN deficits,blood in vomit,cant swallow,profuse salivation &dropjaw | Rabies. Virus is secreted in saliva 10d before CS |
Affects CNS: encephalitis (invariably fatal) | Rabies. |
2 infectious cycles: Urban in dogs & sylvatic in wildlife | Rabies. |
Recovery is RARE (effective CMI is essential for viral elimination) | Rabies. |
Incubation period could be 6m | Rabies. |
ZOONOTIC, REPORTABLE,Present in US | Rabies. |
High Mortality | Rabies. |
DX: Gross changes in the nervous system is NOT conclusive of | Rabies. |
Direct FA test (best choice for DX) shows AG in about100pct of samples | Rabies. |
Histo staining for Negri bodies is not as sensitive or specific as other tests | Rabies. |
Negri bodies appear magenta & have small dark-blue interior basophilic granules | Rabies. |
Control: Wildlife-MLV (oral), vectored vacc, monitoring w/ABs | Rabies. |
Pets-prevent contact, vacc, REPORT exposures | Rabies. |
Prevention: NO parenteral MLV is available (post-vacc) | Rabies. |
Oral MLV (for wild or feral animals) | Rabies. |
Parenteral inactivated cell culture vacc (for dogs & cats) | Rabies. |
Oral/Parenteral recombinant vacc (recombinant w/Vaccina virus for wlildlife) | Rabies. |
Nucleic acid vacc available | Rabies. |
mainly: Horses, Cattle, Pigs,Others: camels, wildlife spp, & humans | Vesicular stomatitis. |
Resistant: Sheep & Goats | Vesicular stomatitis. |
Horizontal Transmission: Insects, direct contact (infected animals or objects), or aerosol (in lab setting) | Vesicular stomatitis. |
Vectors: Sandflies, blackflies | Vesicular stomatitis. |
CS: Horses-severe:oral lesions, drooling, chomping, mouth rubbing, lameness, coronary band lesions | Vesicular stomatitis. |
Cattle/Pigs-vesicles found in oral, mammary glands, coronary band, & interdigital areas | Vesicular stomatitis. |
Lesion:Erosive,ulcerative lesions | Vesicular stomatitis. |
Common feature-salivation & lameness,Lesions are found in one area of the body | Vesicular stomatitis. |
Febrile DZ w/vesicular lesions resembling FMDZ,List A DZ | Vesicular stomatitis. |
REPORTABLE, EXOTIC, ZOONOTIC (low incidence of human illness though) | Vesicular stomatitis. |
Seasonal: w/insects | Vesicular stomatitis. |
Morbidity (90pct),low Mortality (death in young is not as common as w/FMDZ) | Vesicular stomatitis. |
DX: Not as contagious as FMDZ & VSV lesions are found generally in one area of the body. AG detection, Serology (AB tests: paired serum samples, ELISA, CF, VN) | Vesicular stomatitis. |
DDX: Vesicular DZs are indistinguishable,Further testing is required for animals displaying salivation & lameness | Vesicular stomatitis. |
TX: None, supportive care, ABX for 2ndry infections | Vesicular stomatitis. |
Good prognosis, but production animals may suffer losses | Vesicular stomatitis. |
Control: Many different disinfectants | Vesicular stomatitis. |
Prevention: Vacc during an outbreak (unknown efficacy) | Vesicular stomatitis. |
Cattle & Water buffalo | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
Subclinical infection: cape buffalo, wildebeest, waterbuck & deer | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
Transmission: Arthropod-borne,NOT by close contact, body secretions, werosol droplets, fomites or semen | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
Vectors: unknown but seen in mosquitoes & midges (Anopheles, Culicoides) | Bovine ephemeral fever. Mosquitoes: most important vector |
Rapidly inactivated in meat | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
Carriers: Not known to occur | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
Lesion: Small amount of fibrin-rich fluid in pleural, peritoneal & pericardial cavities | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
Edema, petechial hemorrhages or focal necrosis in muscle groups | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
Arthropod borne DZ, seen in subtropical areas | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
REPORTABLE, EXOTIC | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
Seasonal: follow rainfall, summer & decline w/onset of winter. | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
Low Mortality (can be up to 30%), but Cattle in good condition are more severely infected | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
DX: Clinically during outbreaks in endemic areas,Serology-Confirmatory (VN, ELISA [paired serum samples])IF(less useful-cross reactive w/non-pathogenic strains)Neutrophilia,high fibrinogen,low Ca levels | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
VI (difficult & NOT used)PCR, VI (IF confirmed, VN or blocking ELISA)Confirmed w/inoculation of unweaned mice intracerebrally | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
DDX: Rift valley fever, Heartwater, Bluetongue, Botulism, Babesiosis or Blackleg | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
Salivation may resemble FMDZ but NO vesicles are found | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
Control: Moving animals to insect-proof facitities during outbreaks or incr risk seasons | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
Prevention: Vacc in endemic areas (may not be necessary in endemic areas b/c most animals become immune by the time they are adults)Insect control | Bovine ephemeral fever. |
Cloven-hoofed animals (Cattle, Sheep, Pigs) | Foot & Mouth DZ. |
Resistant: Horses) | Foot & Mouth DZ. |
Transmission: Contact, aerosol (spread long distances), secretions, milk & semen (seen 4d before CS), latrogenic, feces (14d) & urine (39d) virus survival) | Foot & Mouth DZ. |
Highly Contagious) | Foot & Mouth DZ. |
Carriers: Recovered animals are carriers up to 2.5y (cattle) & 9m (sheep) | Foot & Mouth DZ. |
Lesion: PM lesions are indistinguishable from other vesicular DZs. Tiger heart (hemorrhagic striping) | Foot & Mouth DZ. |
REPORTABLE, ZOONOTIC | Foot & Mouth DZ. |
Low Mortality,high Morbidity | Foot & Mouth DZ. |
Survives in milk, milk products, bone marrow & lymph glands (loss in milk production!) | Foot & Mouth DZ. |
main site of replication & infection: respiratory tract mucosa-replication in local LN-vesicles-rupture-viremia persists (5d) | Foot & Mouth DZ. |
DX: Culture samples from the pharyngeal mucosa | Foot & Mouth DZ. |
AG detection (vesicular epithelium or fluid),Serology (ELISA [sensitive & specific], CF)VI, RT-PCR | Foot & Mouth DZ. |
DDX: Swine vesicular DZ, Vesicular exanthemia of swine, Vesicular stomatitis & Bluetongue | Foot & Mouth DZ. |
Control: Restricted movements, slaughter/burn affected, wash buildings (mild acid or fumigate), vacc, disinfectants | Foot & Mouth DZ. |
Prevention: Vacc: Multivalent, inactivated, adjuvanted,NO cross protection from serotypes | Foot & Mouth DZ. |
Teschovirus | (13 serotypes, resistant to drying,Restricted to CNS & Intestine of pigs)Porcine Enteroviral Encephalomyelitis. |
serum AB & protection in suckling piglets (colostrum & milk) | Porcine Enteroviral Encephalomyelitis. |
Transmission: Ingestion & aerosol | Porcine Enteroviral Encephalomyelitis. |
Virus replicates in GIT & RT | Porcine Enteroviral Encephalomyelitis. |
Rapid spread & all ages excrete virus in feces | Porcine Enteroviral Encephalomyelitis. |
Lesion: NO gross lesions seen on necropsy | Porcine Enteroviral Encephalomyelitis. |
Encephalomyelitis of Pigs,AKA: Teschen DZ/ Talfan DZ,Neurological disturbances, infertility & dermal lesions,Wide variation of virulence btwn strains | Porcine Enteroviral Encephalomyelitis. |
REPORTABLE | Porcine Enteroviral Encephalomyelitis. |
Teschen | Morbidity (50pct) Mortality (70-90pct). |
Talfan | milder form, mortality (6pct), posterior paresis,Invades the CNS. Encephalititis may be present in pigs showing NO CS (seen histologically). |
DX: VN, CF (useful Serology), brain & blood are good sources of virus, PCR (detects serotypes) | Porcine Enteroviral Encephalomyelitis. |
Microscopically-diffuse non-suppurative encephalomyelitis & ganglioneuritis | Porcine Enteroviral Encephalomyelitis. |
Brainstem & spinal cord have the most extensive lesions | Porcine Enteroviral Encephalomyelitis. |
VI from the brain & spinal cord early in DZ,GIT isolates are not confirmatory (asymptomatic enteric infections are common) | Porcine Enteroviral Encephalomyelitis. |
DDX: Pseudorabies, Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus of swine, Bacterial DZ, Intoxication | Porcine Enteroviral Encephalomyelitis. |
Control: Teschen DZ | Reportable in many countries,Outbreaks: slaughter, sanitary measures, ring vacc. |
Prevention: Killed & MLV avaliabe | Porcine Enteroviral Encephalomyelitis. |
Enterovirus | Swine vesicular DZ. |
Pigs,Humans can also get it | Swine vesicular DZ. |
Transmission: Fecal-oral route (direct or indirect), ingestion (meat scraps), excretion of virus (nose, mouth, feces shed 2d before CS & in feces >3m post-infection | Swine vesicular DZ. |
Lab workers get it from contact w/infected pigs | Swine vesicular DZ. |
Moderately Contagious | Swine vesicular DZ. |
NO persistent infection | Swine vesicular DZ. |
CS: Similar to FMDZ | Swine vesicular DZ. |
Vesicles & erosions on snout, mammary glands, tongue, coronary band & interdigital areas | Swine vesicular DZ. |
Rarely see neurological signs | Swine vesicular DZ. |
Lesion: Vesicles are the only PM lesions | Swine vesicular DZ. |
REPORTABLE, EXOTIC, ZOONOTIC | Swine vesicular DZ. |
lower Morbidity, less severe lesions than FMDZ | Swine vesicular DZ. |
Low Mortality (low in adults, up to 10% in piglets) | Swine vesicular DZ. |
Related to human enterovirus & unrelated to other pig enteroviruses | Swine vesicular DZ. |
DX: CS (vesicles & erosions on mouth & feet)Lab testing (to rule out other vesicular DZs)AG detection (ELISA, direct CF), VI & Serology (VN, ELISA) | Swine vesicular DZ. |
DDX: Difficult to distinguish from FMDZ,Differentiate btwn FMDZ, Vesicular stomatitis, Vesicular exanthema of swine, Chemical or thermal burns | Swine vesicular DZ. |
Control: Slaughter infected, disinfect areas, Vacc | Swine vesicular DZ. |
Prevention: No commercial vacc, but inactivated vacc available,Vacc not used in countries free of vesicular DZ | Swine vesicular DZ. |
Pigs | Porcine Enteroviruses 2 to 11. |
Feces tx | Porcine Enteroviruses 2 to 11. |
CS: Encephalomyelitis, diarrhea, pericarditis, abortion & still born fetus | Porcine Enteroviruses 2 to 11. |
Cause encephalomyelitis | Porcine Enteroviruses 2 to 11. |
Most severely affected: young | Porcine Enteroviruses 2 to 11. |
DX: VI (from feces of normal swine or diarrhea) | Porcine Enteroviruses 2 to 11. |
all spp of Felidae | Feline calicivirus (FCV). |
Natural DZ confined to domestic cats (of all ages especially 2-6m old) & captive cheetahs | Feline calicivirus (FCV). |
Horizontal Transmission: Oronasal secretions, aerosol, fomites | Feline calicivirus (FCV). |
Carriers: Persistent infection in recovered animals (from oropharynx possibly for life) | Feline calicivirus (FCV). |
Lesion: URT infection signs w/sores around the mouth, lameness (arthritis) | Feline calicivirus (FCV). Severe cases-pulmonary edema & pneumonia,VS strain-more severe in adults than kittens,Seen w/SQ edema & ulceration of mouth, pinnae, pawpads & nares |
Important URT inflammatory DZ of cats found worldwide | Feline calicivirus (FCV). |
Route of infection: nasal, oral & conjunctival | Feline calicivirus (FCV). |
Virus replication: oral & respiratory tissues-ulcers begin as vesicles-rupture/necrosis-interstitial pneumonia in kittens | Feline calicivirus (FCV). |
Oral ulceration (vesicles on tongue)Also causes acute synovitis,Viral AG found in synovial M,incr degree of antigenic heterogeneity:antigenic shift | Feline calicivirus (FCV). |
Virulent phenotype: Virulent strain-Affects adult cats, Mortality (30-60%) | Feline calicivirus (FCV). |
DX: HX, CS, URT infection w/ulcers,VI, oropharyngeal swabs or tissues biopsies for PCR | Feline calicivirus (FCV). |
DDX: Feline herpesvirus 1 | Feline calicivirus (FCV). |
Prevention: Vacc available,FCV carriers shed virus frequently,Vacc does NOT prevent carrier status | Feline calicivirus (FCV). |
Pigs | Vesicular exanthema of swine. |
Horizontal Transmission: Uncooked waste seafood fed to pigs as garbage or from farm-mink fed seafood | Vesicular exanthema of swine. |
very Contagious | Vesicular exanthema of swine. |
CS: Febrile & acutely lame,May cause encephalitis, myocarditis, fever & diarrhea | Vesicular exanthema of swine. |
Pregnant sows may ABORT | Vesicular exanthema of swine. |
Lesion: Vesicles on tongue, lips, snout, teats, interdigital spaces & coronary bands | Vesicular exanthema of swine. |
REPORTABLE, EXOTIC | Vesicular exanthema of swine. |
Resembles FMDZ | Vesicular exanthema of swine. |
High Morbidity,low Mortality | Vesicular exanthema of swine. |
High Mortality is associated w/virulent strains | Vesicular exanthema of swine. |
DX: Fever & vesicles rupturing in 24-48h to form erosions,VI, Serology, EM | Vesicular exanthema of swine. |
DDX: FMDZ, Vesicular stomatitis, Swine vesicular DZ | Vesicular exanthema of swine. |
Control: Enforcement of quarantine, cook garbage & strict slaughter program | Vesicular exanthema of swine. |
European Rabbits (>2m old, domestic & wild, Oryctolagus cuniculus spp affected only) | Rabbit hemorrhagic DZ. |
All ages are affected | Rabbit hemorrhagic DZ. |
Resistant: Young rabbits (<2m old) | Rabbit hemorrhagic DZ. |
Horizontal, very contagious | Rabbit hemorrhagic DZ. |
Carriers: Chronically infected animals (persistent infection) | Rabbit hemorrhagic DZ. |
Lesion: Rabbits that die tend to be in good body condtion | Rabbit hemorrhagic DZ. |
main lesion-Hepatic necrosis & splenomegaly | Rabbit hemorrhagic DZ. |
Kidneys are very dark brown, DIC, bloody trachea, congested hemorrhagic lungs & hemorrhage on thymus & serosal surfaces,Multiorgan lesions | Rabbit hemorrhagic DZ. |
Acute fatal hemorrhagic DZ | Rabbit hemorrhagic DZ. |
Single serotype but 2 subtypes: RHDV & RHDVa | Rabbit hemorrhagic DZ. |
High Morbidity (30-100%), high Mortality (40-100%) | Rabbit hemorrhagic DZ. |
DX: CS, Lesions (especially hepatic necrosis),AG detection in fluids & tissues,Serology,VI NOT used | Rabbit hemorrhagic DZ. |
DDX: Acute pasteurellosis, Atypical myxomatosis, poisoning, heat exhaustion, enterotoxemia due to E.coli or Clostridium perfringens Type E, & other causes of severe septicemia & 2ndry DIC | Rabbit hemorrhagic DZ. |
Control: Quarantine, resists degradation by ether or chloroform & virus can persist in environment for a while | Rabbit hemorrhagic DZ. |
Young pigs | Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). |
Horizontal Transmission: Fecal-oral route | Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). |
Virus shed in feces (up to 2wks) | Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). |
very Contagious | Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). |
CS: More severe in newborn piglets,Villous atrophy (small intestine), vomiting, yellowish diarrhea, wt loss & dehydration,Agalactia common in sows,Engorgement of vessels & necrosis of the crypts in the stomach | Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). |
Lesion: Distended stomach & small intestine,Destruction of villi (thinning of intestinal wall) | Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). |
4 DZ patterns in swine:1.Vomiting & wasting DZ,2.Porcine epidemic diarrhea,3.Transmissible gastroenteritis,4.Respiratory DZ | Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). |
Seasonal: Winter outbreaks | Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). |
Predisposing factors: all ages are susceptible, most severe in newborns (high susceptible & milk buffers gastric acid & protects virus),MAB IgA protect against infection,Systemic IgG is NOT protective | Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). |
Immunity is stimulated by mucosal immunization | Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). |
Newborn Mortality high(100%), only a few deaths are seen in ages >3wks | Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). |
DX: Presumptive (diarrhea), CS, PM lesions (paper thin walls of small intestine)AG detection (mucosal scrapings & feces for ELISA, immunoEM, FA staining, immunoperoxidase test)Serology (VN, blocking ELISA using MAB) | Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). |
DDX: Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), Enteric Colibacillosis, Clostridium perfringens, Coccidiosis, Rotaviral enteritis, Porcine epidemic diarrhea, Salmonellosis | Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). |
Prevention: MLV & inactivated vacc,Give MLV before farrowing & parturition,Vacc decr mortality but don’t eliminate infection,Expose pregnant sows to virus to incr lactogenic immunity & decr neonatal mortality,Good sanitation & management practices | Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE). |
Young pigs (<2wks old) | Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis DZ. |
Horizontal Transmission Aerosols | Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis DZ. |
CS: Anorexia, hypperaesthesia, tremors, paddling of legs, vomiting, emaciation & death,Severe in young pigs | Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis DZ. |
Older animals survive but remain stunted | Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis DZ. |
Vomiting is due to viral replication in vagal ganglion | Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis DZ. |
Predominant features: acute encephalomyelitis, vomiting & wasting | Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis DZ. |
Nervous DZ or vomiting & emaciation/wasting in young pigs | Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis DZ. |
High Mortality in young pigs (100%) | Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis DZ. |
DX: VI (growth detected by hemagglutination)AG detection (IF)Serology (VN, HI-paired serum samples) | Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis DZ. |
Control: Good husbandry | Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis DZ. |
Prevention: NO vacc available | Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis DZ. |