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MD - Week 4
Bone & Joint Pathology & Disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Fracture | A discontinuity in bone or cartilage resulting from mechanical forces. |
| What Features Are Used To Classify Fractures? | -Anatomical location -Cause of the fracture -Fragments -Stability -Direction -Extent of bone damage -Communication with outside environment |
| What Are The Three Main Classifications Of Fracture Cause? | -Direct trauma -Indirect trauma -Pathological |
| Where Is The Diaphysis? | The tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. |
| Where Is The Metaphysis? | The region where the epiphysis joins the diaphysis. |
| Where Is The Epiphysis? | The enlarged wide end of a long bone that articulates with other bones at joints. |
| What System Is Used To Classify Growth Plate Fractures? | The salter-harris classification system. |
| What Makes The Ulna Growth Plate Prone To Fracture? | Its cone shape. |
| What Is A Complete Fracture? | A fracture which extends all the way through the bone. |
| What Is An Incomplete Fracture? | A fracture which does not extend the full thickness of the bone. |
| What Is A Greenstick Fracture? | An incomplete fracture within immature bone. |
| What Is A Fissure Fracture? | A crack formation, with the periosteum still intact. |
| What Is A Depressed Fracture? | Fracture fragments invade underlying cavity. |
| What Is A Transverse Fracture? | Horizontal fracture. |
| What Is An Oblique Fracture? | Fracture line is at a slanted angle. |
| What Is A Spiral Fracture? | Fracture line is a spiral. |
| What Is A Comminuted Fracture? | A fracture with more than three fragments. |
| What Does It Mean For A Fracture To Be Stable/Unstable? | -A stable fracture means that a patient will have some weightbearing -An unstable fracture means a patient will have no weightbearing, no force will be able to be exerted without displacement |
| What Does It Mean For A Fracture To Be Open/Closed? | -Open = bone protrudes through the subcut tissue and skin (compound) -Closed = bone remains enclosed within the skin |
| What Are The Requirements For Fractures To Heal By Primary Intention? | -Fracture gap <1mm -Good supply supply -For example fissure fractures or fractures that have been surgically fixated |
| How Do Fractures Healing By Primary Intention Heal? | -By haversian remodelling, straight across the fracture line (when there is no gap) -Granulation tissue, angiogenesis, lamellar bone, then haversian remodelling (when there is a small gap) |
| How Do Fractures Healing By Secondary Intention Heal? | -Inflammatory phase (2 - 3 weeks) -Repair phase (2 weeks – 12 months) -Remodelling phase (can be years) |
| What Can Cause Injury To The Joint? | -Trauma -Instability -Changes to the synovial membrane -Infectious agents |
| What Are The Three Forms Of Cartilage? | -Hyaline cartilage -Elastic cartilage -Fibrocartilage |
| What Is The Structure And Function Of Hyaline Cartilage? | -Composed of 70-80% water with no blood vessels or nerves – receives nutrition through synovial fluid -Supports soft tissue -Provides support, flexibility, and resilience -Smooth surface for tissue gliding -Distributes load -Template for bone growth |
| How Can An Injury To The Cartilage Of A Joint Negatively Effect The Joint? | -Alters pressure and permeability of joint -Decreases viscosity of synovial fluid -Less oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage |
| What Is Joint Effusion? | An abnormal fluid accumulation within the joint space. |
| What Is Pannus? | -Inflammatory granulation tissue -Occurs due to injury of the synovial membrane in a joint -Fibrovascular and histiocytic, causes lysis of cartilage |
| How Can Cartilage Repair Itself? | -Limited healing capability -If articular cartilage damaged, chondrocytes do not fill defect, some cartilaginous flow when loaded -If subchondral bone is involved, fibrous tissue fills the defect creating fibrocartilage |
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