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MD - Week 3
Muscle, Tendon & Ligament Pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Neurogenic Changes To Muscle? | Changes due to dysfunction of the nerve supply. |
| Define Myogenic Changes To Muscle? | A primary change in the myofiber. |
| What Can Cause Injury To The Muscle? | -Trauma -Ischaemia (lack of oxygen) -Toxins -Nutritional deficiencies (selenium, vitamin D) -Infections |
| Define Contusion | Inflammation and haematoma formation from blunt, non-penetrating trauma. |
| Define Strain | Physical injury occurring at the myotendinous junction (tendon). |
| Define Laceration | Direct trauma to muscle from a sharp object. |
| Define Rupture | Physical injury caused by active contraction whilst the muscle is passively extended. |
| Define Contracture | State of muscle shortening not caused by contraction (physical injury). |
| What Is Muscle Atrophy And What Are The Three Forms Of Muscle Atrophy? | -A reduction in the diameter of the muscle fibre (and hence size) -Denervation atrophy = neurogenic atrophy, damage to motor units -Disuse atrophy = occurs when muscle stops working -Malnutrition atrophy = muscle proteins metabolised for nutrients |
| What Is Hypertrophy? | An increase in muscle fibre size, can be due to an increase in physiological work, or compensatory. |
| What Is Congestion? | Stasis of blood within the vessels. |
| What Is Ischaemia? | A restriction in the blood supply, can be due to external pressure on the muscle, vascular occlusion, or swelling in a non-expandable compartment. |
| In What Four Ways Can Myocytes Respond To Muscle Injury? | -Degeneration -Necrosis -Regeneration -Repair |
| What Form Of Necrosis Is The Most Common In Muscle? | Segmental necrosis. |
| What Does Muscle Regeneration Depend On? | -Sarcolemmal tube being intact -Basal lamina being intact -Availability of satellite cells |
| What Is The Function Of Satellite Cells Within Muscle? | -Precursors to muscle cells -Quiescent (in dormant state) but can re-enter cell cycle following injury -When diving, will produce a myoblast and satellite cell |
| Describe The Process Of Muscle Regeneration | -Inflammatory stage, neutrophils and macrophages invade area of injury and phagocytose necrotic debris -Satellite cells activate and produce myoblasts -Myoblasts fuse to form myotubes, create scaffold -Fibres grow and differentiate to form sarcomeres |
| Describe The Process Of Muscle Regeneration By Budding (Occurs When Sarcolemma Is Not Intact) | -Myotubes are formed, extend to ends of ruptured sarcolemma -Sarcoplasm buldges, contains muscle giant cells -Myotubes bridge the gap |
| Define Tendons | Attaches muscle to bone. |
| Define Ligaments | Attaches bone to bone, can be peri-articular or intra-articular. |
| What Are The Functions Of Tendons? | -Transmit forces from the muscle to bone -Motor control (mechanoreceptors, golgi tendon organ) -Elastic storage -Supports the limb |
| What Components Make Up A Tendon? | -Water and collagen -Collagen fibres in a crimped pattern, acts to buffer the tendon -Tenocytes -Proteoglycans -Cartilage oligomeric matrix proteins -Elastin -Fibronectin |
| What Is The Blood Supply Like To A Tendon And Where Is The Blood Supply Most Abundant? | -Sparse -Most abundant on the periphery |
| Define Tendonitis | Inflammation of the tendon. |
| Describe The Process Of Tendon Healing | -Defect fills with blood and inflammatory products -Angiogenesis occurs, and fibroblasts enter -Granulation tissue bridges gap -Collagen type III formed -Fibrous bridge forms -Remodelling collagen III, aligning along long axis |
| What Are The Functions Of Ligaments? | -Stabilises the joint -Helps joint glide through the normal range of movement -Prevents excessive movement of joints -Joint proprioception |
| Define Sprain | Stretching or tearing of a ligament. |
| Define Desmitis | Inflammation of the ligament. |
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aimee_knows_nothing
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