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Dentistry Test #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 animal benefits from dentistry | -improves quality and quantity of life -mouth if connected to vital organs therefore decreases start of infection in the blood stream to these organs -not only use there mouth for chewing but also grasping and vocalizing |
| what is the clinical benefit from dentistry | great source of income |
| who can carry out extractions and periodontal surgeries | licensed veterinarian |
| 9 technician resposibilities | - paying attention to detail when cleaning - pre-admission consultation - oral exam - charting and record keeping - routine scale and polish - equipment maintenance - precautions - dental radiographs - client education |
| Define: Apically | moving towards the apex or the tip of the root |
| Define: peri-apical | around the apex of the root |
| Define: neck/cervical region | where the root and crown meet |
| Define: coronally | traveling from the neck to the tip, or cusp of the crown |
| Define: Labial | surface of the tooth towards the lips (I and C) |
| Define: buccal | surface of teeth towards the cheek (P and M) |
| Define:Lingual | on the bottom jaw, the surface of the teeth towards the tongue |
| Define: Palatal | on the top jaw, surface of the teeth towards the palate |
| Define: distal | surface of the tooth closest to the tooth behind |
| Define: mesial | surface of the tooth closest to the front of the tooth |
| Define: furcation | in a multi-rooted tooth is it the area where the roots join together |
| Anatomy: crown | portion of the tooth above the gum line that is covered with enamel |
| Anatomy: root | portion of the tooth below the gum line that is covered with cementum |
| Anatomy: cusp | tip or pointed prominence of the crown |
| Anatomy: apex | most terminal aspect of the root |
| what does the enamel cover | crown of the tooth |
| what is the hardest substance in the body | enamel |
| what is enamel made out of | crystals arranged in prisms |
| True or False: enamel is considered Acellular and non-living | true |
| When is enamel started to form and when is it stopped? | starts to form during tooth development and stops being formed just prior to tooth eruption |
| True or False: enamel has a sensory capacity | false |
| thickness of enamel in cats, dogs and humans | Cats: 0.1-0.3 mm Dogs: 0.1-0.6 mm Humans: 1-2 mm |
| What makes up the bulk of the tooth | Dentin |
| what is dentin made up of and what colour is it? | 72% mineral, 18% collagen, and 10% water Pale yellow |
| what does the collagen allow in the dentin? | gives the tooth some flexibility so it can withstand forces without fracturing |
| when is dentin produced? | throughout the life of the tooth |
| how is dentin arranged? | in tubules that run from the enamel to the pulp |
| dentin has nerve fibers that can detect what 4 things | -heat, cold, touch and osmotic pressure |
| what are the 3 types of dentin | 1. Primary 2. Normal Secondary 3. Irregular Secondary/Tertiary |
| Primary Dentin is formed when | prior to tooth eruption |
| Normal Secondary is formed when | continuously after the tooth erupts |
| irregular secondary dentin is formed when | in areas exposed to injury |
| tertiary dentin VS debris | Dentin: -brown -smooth and shiny wet or dry -hard and cannot be removed Debris - dark brown/black -dull when dry -can be removed with scaler |
| what is cementum | calcified connective tissue that covers the root of the tooth |
| what causes thickening of the apical cementum | traumatic occlusal forces or from irritation of the pulp |
| how does cementum anchor the tooth in the socket | is contains the fibers that form the periodontal ligament |
| what happens if the cementum is lost | result in a deep periodontal pocket |
| what is primary cementum (acellular) | covers the cervical two thirds of the root and forms prior to tooth erupting |
| what is secondary cementum (cellular) | around the apical third, and is formed after the tooth erupts. continuous to form throughout lifetime so thickness will increase with age |
| what is ankylosis | the fusion of cementum and the surrounding bone. |
| what can ankylosis cause | periodontal ligament to be lost |
| what can cause ankylosis | excessive occlusal trauma chronic periapical irritation after tooth re-implantation |
| what is pulp | loose connective tissue containing blood and nerve fibers |
| in mature dogs and cats where does the pulp enter | through many tiny opening in the root apex, this area is known as the apical delta |
| what is the pulp chamber | cavity inside the dentin which contains the pulp |
| what happens to the pulp chamber as the animal gets older | decreases in size with age as secondary dentin is produced |
| why does the pulp chamber have horns | correspond to the shape of the overlying tooth cusp |
| what is the alveolar bone | bone that surrounds and supports the teeth |
| what part of the alveolar bone contain the alveoli | ridges of the jaw bone |
| when is the alveolar bone formed | when a tooth erupts and is gradually reabsorbed when a tooth is lost |
| what is the lamina dura | cribriform plate of bone lining the alveolus |
| how does the lamina dura show up on radiographs | radiopaque line next to the radiolucent periodontal ligament |
| what is the apical delta | diverging branches of root canal |
| what is the apical foramen | openings in the apex to allow vessels through |
| what epithelial attachment | strips of stratified squamous epithelium attached at the cemento-enamel junction |
| what can epithelial attachment depth indicate | the crest of the alveolar bone |
| where is the gingiva found? | covering the alveolar bone and surrounding the neck of the teeth |
| gingiva is the first line of defense from..... | mastication and bacterial invasion |
| what are the 3 regions of the gingiva | marginal free, attached, and interdental |
| What is the free/marginal gingiva | -peripheral surface -most coronal portion -makes up the sulcus -sits on the surface (not attached) |
| what is the attached gingiva | bound to the root cementum above the alveolar crest and bound to the alveolar bone |
| what is the interdental gingiva | gingiva between the teeth |
| what is peridontitis | bone loss (not reversable) |
| what is gingivitis | inflammation (reversable) |
| what is the gingival sulcus | shallow crevice surrounding the tooth |
| what should the sulcus depth be in a germ free mouth | zero or very near zero |
| how is the depth of the sulcus measured | in mm by using a probe |
| COMMON sulcus depth ranges for cats and dogs | cats: 0.5-1mm dogs: 1.0-3.0mm |
| NORMAL sulcus depth ranges for cats and dogs | cats: 0-1mm dogs: 0-3mm |
| what can an increase in sulcus depth indicate | disease |
| what is the periodontal ligament | connective tissue which attach and support the teeth in the alveolus |
| where is the periodontal ligament located | between the tooth and the alveolar bone |
| 7 vital functions of the periodontal ligament | 1. shock absorber 2. transmits force to jaw 3. attachment of the tooth to jaw 4. maintenance of gingival adaptation to the tooth 5. provides a soft tissue casing 6. supply nutrients to jaw 7. provides tactile and proprioceptive info in mastication |
| what is the cemento-enamel junction | where the cementum covering the root meats the enamel covering the crown |
| what is the alveolar mucosa | mucosal covering over the alveolar bone |
| what is the muco-gingival line | distinct furrow where the gingiva meets the alveolar mucosa |
| where is the major blood supply to the oral region from | carotid artery via its many branches |
| why is it important to know where the carotid artery branches are in the mouth | if does a procedure it could result in hemorrhaging |
| name 5 blood supply arteries to the mouth | -common carotid -facial -maxillary -tonsillar -inferior alveolar |
| what are deciduous teeth | teeth which are present in young animals and eventually will be replaced with permanent teeth |
| what are the 4 types of teeth | incisors canines pre-molars molars |
| how many routes do incisor teeth have | single (1) |
| incisors are the most __________ teeth and there are _______ in each quadrant | rostral, 3 |
| what do wild animals use their incisors for | grasp food and grooming their coats |
| what number are the canine teeth in the triadan system | 104, 204, 304, 404 |
| how many routes do the canine teeth have | single (1) |
| why does the canine tooth curve distally | prevent prey from escaping |
| what are canine teeth used for | catch, hold, kill prey as well as defense and display |
| what are the pre-molars used for | holding prey and shearing food |
| how many roots does the dog premolars have | 1st premolar: one root 2nd and 3rd premolar: two roots |
| what premolar is missing in the cat? | first maxillary (105 and 205) first and second mandibular (305, 405, 306, 406) |
| what is the upper carnassial referred to as and how many roots does it have | meat cutter three rooted |
| what is the tooth most likely to fracture | upper carnassial |
| what are the molars used for | grinding food |
| front roots of the molars are much __________ than the back roots | larger |
| cats are ___________ and have no need to ______ food | carnivores, grind |
| the lower molar in cats is the _________ the same as in the dog but both cusps act as _______ _______ | carnassial, meat cutters |
| how long do permanent teeth take to reach full maturity and what does full maturity mean | - up to 2 years -root has reached its full length and apex has closed |
| what teeth are not present in puppies | molars |
| times of eruption | LOOK AT PAGE 17 IN MANUAL |
| canine primary teeth dental formula | i 3/3, c 1/1, p 3/3, = 28 |
| canine permanent teeth dental formula | I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/3, M 2/3 = 42 |
| feline primary teeth dental formula | i 3/3, c 1/1, p 3/2 = 26 |
| feline permanent teeth dental formula | I 3/3, C 1/1, P, 3/2, M 1/1 = 30 |
| what is the normal occlusion of teeth referred to as | scissor bite |
| what 3 things is a normal occlusion important for | 1. proper mastication 2. self cleaning 3. decreases the chance of oral trauma |
| how should incisors be sitting in the mouth | maxillary incisors are rostral to the mandibular incisors |
| how should canine be sitting in the mouth | mandibular canine should fit equally between the third maxillary incisor and canine with no rubbing |
| true or false: the growth of upper and lower jaws are under the same control | false |
| what kind of relationship should the. maxilla have with the mandible | pull and push relationship |
| premolars should be in a ___________ pattern | zig zag |
| how should the molars sit in the mouth | molars on upper and lower jaws should contact each other as they are used to grind food |
| what happens once the dental interlock is made | the mandible and maxilla will grow rostrally at the same speed |
| what does malocclusion mean | abnormal tooth position or any change to the normal occlusion of an animal |
| what are the two types of malocclusions | 1. skeletal (maxilla or mandible problem) 2. dental (malposition or extra teeth) |
| pathologies associated with malocclusion | 1. tooth wear (rubbing) 2. gingivitis/periodontitis (cannot self clean) 3. premature tooth loss 4. oral trauma (teeth protruding into gums) 5. systemic disease |
| Class 1 Malocclusion (dental form) | jaw lengths are relatively normal but one tooth or a group of teeth are in an abnormal position |
| base narrow canines malocclusion | when the mandibular canine erupt parallel and their tips point straight into the hard palate. when they close their mouth they bite themselves |
| what causes base narrow canines | retained baby mandibular canines |
| progressive steps in base narrow canines | 1. damage to palate (create a hole) 2. food and debris are impacted in hole 3. local infection can occur 4. fistula will develop and the canine tips will rest in the nasal passage when mouth is closed |
| what is a fistula | a hole between 2 areas |
| lance canine malocclusion | one or more of the upper canines deviates or points rostrally |
| progressive steps in lance canine malocclusion | 1. causes closed space s=between 3rd upper incisor and upper canine 2. crowding of teeth 3. lower canine deviate out labially 4. upper crowding causes retention of food and plaque 5. lead to periodontal disease |
| anterior cross-bite malocclusion | when the normal scissor bite is lost due to one or more of the maxillary incisors falling behind the mandibular incisors |
| progressive steps in anterior cross-bite malocclusion | 1. retained baby incisor tooth 2. premature tooth loss |
| Class 2 Malocclusion (skeletal) | mandible is shorter than normal (overbite) canines and incisors cause trauma to hard palate |
| Class 3 Malocclusion (skeletal) | mandible is longer than the maxilla (under-bite) incisors cause trauma to mandible |
| underbite malocclusion is common in what breed | brachycephalics |
| what other species can get the underbite malocclusion | sheep (ovine) |
| Level bite malocclusion | upper and lower incisors meet constant contact of cutting edges of incisors |
| progressive steps of level bite malocclusion | 1. constant contact 2. periodontal disease 3. loosening and loss of incisors |
| Wry Mouth (Asymmetric skeletal malocclusion) | -face isn't symmetrical -each quadrant grow independently from one another -nose may be tilted to one side |
| 2 possible causes of Wry Mouth | - trauma early in life - genetics |
| which breed has a genetic predisposition for Wry Mouth? | Standard Poodles |
| posterior cross-bite malocclusion | -involves posterior teeth -mandibular teeth are positioned outside of maxillary teeth -commonly seen in narrow nosed dogs -mandible is wider than their maxilla |
| what breed commonly has a posterior cross=bite | sight hounds |
| what happens when there is retained deciduous teeth | -can be responsible for malocclusion -force permanent teeth to come in where they normally would not be |
| how do teeth erupt | when a permanent tooth is starting to erupt it pushes on the root apex of the deciduous tooth it will replace |
| what does the pressure from eruption cause the root of deciduous teeth to do? | root of baby teeth resorb, and when the entire root is gone the crown will fall off |
| there should be no _________ structure when a tooth falls out | root |
| retained maxillary deciduous canine will cause...... | - the permanent canine to erupt mesial creating a great area for debris to collect |
| retained mandibular deciduous canine will cause..... | - the permanent canine to erupt lingual and cause oral trauma to palate |
| retention of teeth is considered a _______________ problem | inherited |
| when should deciduous teeth be removed in the case of malocclusion | as soon as possible |
| what should you do before removing deciduous teeth and why | take an x-ray -see how much tooth remain and how much has been resorbed |
| why must great care be taken when extracting deciduous teeth | -roots are very long and can fracture easily -permanent tooth is in close proximity |
| 3 reasons it is important to remove teeth | 1. dental interlock has a tremendous impact on development of mandible and maxilla 2. once interlock is formed the jaws are forced to grow rostrally at the same rate 3. removal specific baby teeth to allow the jaws to grow at their own rate |
| technicians are not responsible for 2 things what are they | 1. diagnosing 2. treatment |
| Technicians often act as a ________ between the veterinarian and client | liason |
| what is a liason | interpreter |
| what is the earliest stage of oral disease | gingivitis |
| what can happen is gingivitis is allowed to progress | periodontitis |
| What are Natural defence mechanisms in the mouth | 1. Gingiva 2. Gingival sulcus fluid 3. Saliva 4. Enamel Budlge |
| How does the Gingiva act as a natural defence mechanism | -protects underlying bone and tissue -provides main mechanical barrier to infection |
| How does gingival sulcus fluid act as a natural defence mechanism | -secreted through sulcular walls to flush out debris -anti microbial properties |
| how does the saliva act as a natural defence mechanism | -contains calcium and fluoride to maintain integrity of enamel -neutralize acids in the mouth -secretions from salivary glands keep oral mucosa covered in protective layer of fluid -bactericidal and aids in quick healing of oral mucosa |
| how does the enamel buldge as a natural defence mechanism | - shape and how it meets the gingiva work to keep the sulcus free of debris |
Created by:
jscott41
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