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Ansc Exam 2: Repro.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ovary Function | Production of hormones - Estrogen (follicle) - Progesterone (CL) |
| Ovary | Primary female sex organ (production of oocytes) |
| Ovary Basic Structure: Follicle | - Contains maturing ovum - Surrounding tissue produces estrogen |
| Ovary Basic Structure: Corpus Hemorrhagicum | Site where follicle ruptures (ovulated) |
| Ovary Basic Structure: Corpus Luteum | Produces progesterone to maintain early pregnancy (yellow body) |
| Ovary Basic Structure: Corpus Albicans | - CL has regressed - White scar remains |
| Oviduct | - Transport ova and sperm - Site of fertilization |
| Uterotubal Junction | - Junction between oviduct and uterine horn ("pulsating" door, thousands of sperm show up but only few hundred make it past door) |
| Uterus | - Muscular - Assists in sperm transportation - Hormonal regulation of CL - Site of implantation and pregnancy - Expulsion of fetus and fetal membrane |
| 3 layers to Uterus | Outside: Perimetrium -> Myometrium -> Endometrium: Inside |
| Uterine Types: Duplex | - 2 cervixes - no uterine body - 1-2 vaginas (opossum, mouse, rabbit) |
| Uterine Types: Bicornuate | - 2 uterine horns - 1 vagina - 1 cervix, uterine body (cow, mare, ewe, sow, bitch, queen) |
| Uterine Types: Simplex | - 1 cervix - 1 vagina - 1 uterine body - no uterine horns (primate) |
| Cervix Function | - Passageway for sperm - Storage reservoir for sperm - Barrier: uterus v. environment - Provides lubrication - Passageway for fetus birth |
| Cervix Types | - Annular Rings: Cow, ewe - Longitudinal Fold: Mare - Interdigitating Prominences: Sow |
| Vagina Function | - Female copulatory organ - Birth canal at parturition - Dual role: passageway for repro and urinary systems |
| Testes | Primary male sex organ (produces spermatozoa in seminiferous tubules) |
| Testes Function | Production of Hormone in Leydig cells - Testosterone |
| Epididymis Function | Concentration, storage, maturation, and transportation of spermatozoa |
| 3 parts of Epididymis | - Head (Caput) - Body (Corpus) - Tail (Cauda) - Caput and Corpus prep and mature sperm - Cauda is for sperm storage |
| Vas/Ductus Deferens | - sperm transport - Tube that carries sperm-containing fluid from each epididymis to the urethra - Contracts with peristaltic effect (ejaculation) -Vasectomy |
| Penis | - Copulatory organ - Passageway for semen and urine |
| Fibroelastic Penis | - S-shaped - sigmoid flexure when relaxed - Straightens when erect - Retractor penis muscle restores sigmoid flexure (bull, ram, boar, buck) |
| Vascular Penis | - erect = blood engorgement (dog, stallion, cat, human) |
| Accessory Sex Gland | Contribute to fluid volume, nutrients, and buffers to semen |
| Accessory Sex Gland: Ampullae | Secretory gland |
| Accessory Sex Gland: Seminal Vesicle | -Produces large volume of fluid to flush and prep urethra - Attached to urethra near bladder; paired glands |
| Accessory Sex Gland: Prostate Gland | - Secretions stimulate sperm activity - Lies over urethra at neck of bladder ; compound gland |
| Accessory Sex Gland: Bulbourethral (Cowper's) Gland | - Secretes viscous, mucus-like gel - Below prostate - Bilateral of urethra |
| Thermoregulation | - 4-5 Degrees F preferred - Spermatogenesis = 50-60 days |
| Scrotum and Skin | Protective, cools with sweat |
| Tunica Dartos | - Smooth muscle and lies directly under skin - Contracts to decrease surface area ( pulls testes closer to body) |
| Cremaster Muscle | - Vertical striated muscle - Lifting/lowering testes to/from body |
| Pampiniform Plexus | - "radiator" - Network of capillaries - Heat and testosterone exchange |
| Cryptorchid | Testes remained in inguinal canal or body wall Retained testes: - unilateral or bilateral - aspermic (lack of semen) - produces testosterone - may be painful (behavior and performance) |
| Stages of Reproduction: Puberty | Age at which animal capable of reproduction |
| Stages of Reproduction: Sexual Maturity | Age at which animals can reproduce at optimal level |
| Stages of Reproduction: Gestation | Pregnancy; period of time from mating to parturition |
| Stages of Reproduction: Parturition | Act of giving birth |
| Stages of Reproduction: Lactation | Period of milk production |
| Average Age at Puberty: Fillies and Colts | 11-15 months |
| Average Age at Puberty: Heifers and Bulls | 6-18 months |
| Average Age at Puberty: Ewes and Rams | 6-12 months |
| Average Age at Puberty: Gilts and Boars | 5-10 months |
| Average Age at Puberty: Doe and Bucks (Goat) | 4-8 months |
| Average Age at Puberty: Dog | 5-12 months |
| Average Age at Puberty: Cat | 4-10 months |
| Factors Affecting Fertility and Breeding Soundness pt. 1 | - Season (stallion and rams = seasonal breeders) - Age (sexually mature and young= most fertile) - Soundness (healthy= has mobility) - Body Condition (Body fat, fat= not good at breeding, skinny= not enough hormones in body to care) |
| Factors Affecting Fertility and Breeding Soundness pt. 2 | - Proximity to females ( being able to smell each other =good, isolation= not good) - Exercise - Libido - Injury - Infection (fever) Behavior towards females |
| Estrus | Sexually receptive (in heat) - High estrogen = behavior changes - Receptive to male - Mounts or allows mounting by other females |
| Estrous | Whole cycle - Controlled by dominant structure present on ovary (follicle and CL) - Period of time between 1 heat to the next - ~ 3 weeks for most farm animals |
| Estrous Cycle Terms | - Proestrus - Metestrus - Diestrus - Polyestrous (multiple cycles, Cattle) - Seasonally Polyestrous (Sheep, horse, goat= long-day breeder, spring) (Deer= short-day breeder nov. ) |
| Hormone: Pituitary Gland | - Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
| Hormone: Ovary | - Estrogen ("heat behavior", preps uterus and relaxes cervix) - Progesterone ("not in heat behavior" closes cervix and uterus, maintains pregnancy) |
| Hormone: Uterus | Prostaglandin F2a (breaks down CL if not pregnant) |
| Hormone: Testes | Testosterone (libido. male characteristics) |
| Average Reproductive Cycles: Cow | - Estrous Cycle: 21 days - Estrus: 18 hrs. - Gestation: 285 days |
| Average Reproductive Cycles: Ewe | - Estrous Cycle: 17 days - Estrus: 30 hrs. - Gestation: 147 days |
| Average Reproductive Cycles: Doe | - Estrous Cycle: 21 days - Estrus: 39 hrs. - Gestation: 150 days |
| Average Reproductive Cycles: Sow | - Estrous Cycle: 21 days - Estrus: 60 hrs. - Gestation: 114 days |
| Average Reproductive Cycles: Mare | - Estrous Cycle: 22 days - Estrus: 7 days - Gestations: 336 days |
| Fertilization | Sperm and egg unite; beginning of gestation period |
| Placenta | Facilitates metabolic connection between mom and baby - Produces progesterone but not as much as CL - Removes toxins |
| Gestation | Time from breeding/conception of female to parturition |
| Placenta Types | - Diffuse (mare and sow) - Cotyledonary (cow and ewe) - Discoid (woman) - Zonary (bitch and queen) |
| GL, Placenta, # of offspring: Cow | - GL: 285 days - Placenta: Cotyledonary - #: 1 (monotocous) |
| GL, Placenta, # of offspring: Ewe | - GL: 147 days - Placenta: Cotyledonary - #: 1-3 |
| GL, Placenta, # of offspring: Mare | - GL: 336 days - Placenta: Diffuse - #: 1 |
| GL, Placenta, # of offspring: Sow | - GL: 114 days - Placenta: Diffuse - #: 6-14 (polytocous) |
| GL, Placenta, # of offspring: Doe | - GL: 150 days - Placenta: Cotyledonary - #: 2-3 |
| Fetal Position Ideal | Superman-like pose head down and front legs pointing out |
| Parturition Stages: Prep and Contractions | - Uterine Contractions - Force fetal fluids, membranes against cervix - Cervix dilates - Discomfort, sweating, Up/down, oxytocin |
| Parturition Stages: Delivery of Fetus | - Violent contractions of myometrium, diaphragm, and abdominal muscles - stage starts when "water breaks' and ends when baby is delivered |
| Parturition Stages: Expulsion of Placenta | - Litters- placental membrane sometimes passed between offspring, remainder at end |
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