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NSDD - Week 3
Intro To Haematology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why Might A Blood Sample Be Taken? | -Monitor disease progression -Monitor response to treatment -Highlight subclinical disease -Pre-anaesthetic bloodwork -Screen for systemic disease -Diagnostic tool |
| How Should We Prepare Patients For Blood Sampling? | -Fast patient for 8-12hrs (not young pups) -Provide a quiet and calm environment -Ideally obtain samples prior to medicating or at least 5-10 days following final dose of medication -Food or meds may need to be given between samplings |
| What Main Sites Are Used For Blood Sampling In Patients? | -Jugular vein -Cephalic vein -Saphenous vein -Marginal ear vein (in rabbits) -Lateral tail vein (in mice and rats) |
| How Is The Vein Raised In Jugular Blood Sampling? | Pressure is applied to the side of sternum |
| What Are Some Issues With Taking Blood From The Marginal Ear Vein? | -Potential for vein collapse if negative pressure applied -Haemolysis common |
| What Equipment Is Needed For Blood Sample Collection? | -Needle and syringe -Cotton wool with spirit and chlorohexidine gluconate -Clippers -Blood tubes |
| What Are The Red/Pink Blood Tubes Used For? | -Haematology -Containing EDTA |
| What Are The Orange Blood Tubes Used For? | -Biochemistry -Containing lithium heparin |
| What Are The Yellow Blood Tubes Used For? | -Glucose estimation -Containing fluoride oxalate |
| What Are The Green Blood Tubes Used For? | -Coagulation tests -Containing sodium citrate |
| What Are The Brown Blood Tubes Used For? | -Serum separation |
| What Colour Is A 18G Needle? | Pink |
| What Colour Is A 21G Needle? | Green |
| What Colour Is A 23G Needle? | Blue |
| What Colour Is A 25G Needle? | Orange |
| What Are The Steps For Blood Sample Collection? | 1.Warm up sample site by rubbing or massaging the area 2.Stabilise vein 3.Insert needle into the vein, superficial, bevel facing up 4.Draw blood using negative pressure 5.Remove needle from vein, apply pressure to site 6.Fill blood tubes |
| In What Order Should Blood Tubes Be Filled? | Tubes with anticoagulant should be filled first, but it should be noted that this can contaminate other tubes. |
| What Are The Consequences Of Under/Over Filling Blood Tubes? | -Over filling can result in blood clot formation as insufficient anticoagulant -Under filling can alter cell morphology causing crenation due to the excessive amount of anticoagulant |
| What Are Some General Considerations For Filling Blood Tubes? | -Fill with a syringe (take needle cap off) -Fill to fill line -Gently rotate tubes containing anticoagulant to mix -Do not invert serum tubes, allow to clot |
| What Are Some Possible Post Venipuncture Complications? | -Septicaemia -Clipper rash -Oedema -Petechiae -Phlebitis -Haematoma -Thrombophlebitis -Thrombus |
| Why Is It Important To Store Blood Samples Correctly? | -Sample can become haemolysed -Inaccuracy of results -Re-sampling if sample destroyed -Expense -Incorrect storage = delay in treatment - Increased anxiety for the client, leading to dissatisfaction |
| What Is Blood Sample Haemolysis? | Lysis of the cell and leakage of haemoglobin from damaged erythrocytes. Due to incorrect handling. |
| What Are Some Potential Causes Of Blood Sample Haemolysis? | -Contact with water/surgical spirit -Milking sample -Filling blood tubes with needle -Exposure to toxins -Time delay before testing -Vigorous shaking |
| What Does It Mean if A Sample Is Lipaemic? | -Milky colour to serum/plasma due to an excess of fat -This can have an impact of sample results causing an erroneous increase of bilirubin, bile acids and magnesium and a decrease in sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate levels |
| What Are Some Causes Of A Lipaemic Sample? | -Patient not fasted before sample collection (recently ate) -Late stage pregnancy -Pancreatitis -Endocrine disorders |
| What Does It Mean if A Sample Is Icteric? | -Yellow/jaundiced sample -Hyperbilirubinaemia - generally causes decreased cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine, lipase, total protein and levels |
| What Are Some Causes Of A Icteric Sample? | -Billiary tract obstruction -Haemolytic anaemia -Ingestion of toxin -Hepatic dysfunction -Haemoparasites |
| What Should be Sent To The Lab Alongside Blood Samples? | Blood smears |
| What Are Some Rules Regarding The Storage Of Blood Samples? | -Whole blood should be preserved in a refrigerator at 4-8°C for 12-24hrs -Fully clotted serum can be carefully removed, transferred to a sterile vial, and stored in the fridge for up to 7 days -Serum can be frozen at -20°C |
| What Is The Difference Between Serum And Plasma? | Serum is the liquid that remains after the blood has clotted. Plasma is the liquid that remains when clotting is prevented with the addition of an anticoagulant. |
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