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AM - Week 3&4
Pharmacodynamics, Kinetics & Drug Routes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Pharmacokinetics | The movement of a drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream and target tissues. |
| What Factors Affect A Drugs Ability To Reach Its Target Site? | -Formulation of the drug -Route of administration |
| What Are The Main Categories Of Drug Administration Route? | -Enteral -Parenteral -Topical -Inhalational |
| What Are Some Examples Of Enteral Medication Forms? | -Oral (tablets, liquids, pastes, capsules, powders, etc) -Sublingual (under the tongue) -Rectal |
| What Are Some Examples Of Parenteral Medication Forms? | -IV -IM -SC -Intracardiac -Intraperitoneal -Intradermal -Epidural |
| What Are Some Advantages Of Using Parenteral Medications? | -Bypasses the gut -Quicker action -Avoid first pass metabolism -Does not rely on palatability of formulation -Depot preparations available |
| What Are Some Disadvantages Of Using Parenteral Medications? | -More skill required especially with IV route -May require more frequent dosing -Possibility for pain on injection -Some routes affected by hydration status (e.g. s/c) |
| What Does The Category Of Topical Medication Include? | -Skin -Mucous membranes -Intranasal -Ocular -Aural |
| What Are The Main Uses Of Inhalational Medications? | -Anaesthetic agents -Minor use for administration of glucocorticoids to cats with asthma |
| What Does SID Mean? | Once daily. |
| What Does BID Mean? | Twice daily. |
| What Does QID Mean? | Four times daily. |
| What Does TID Mean? | Three times daily. |
| What Are Some General Considerations For Giving Oral Medication? | -Patient temperament/tolerability -Some medicines must be given with food -Some medicines have to be given outside of mealtimes as the presence of food in the gut interferes with absorption |
| What Is The Method For Giving A Tablet To A Cat? | -Tilt the head back to open the mouth naturally -Lower the jaw with a finger -Drop the tablet right to the back of the base of the tongue |
| What Are Some General Considerations For Giving Liquid Medication? | -Give with palatable food when animal is hungry -Can use a syringe |
| What Is The Method For Giving Patients Liquid Medication? | -Introduce syringe to the side of the mouth, where the top and bottom lips join -Aim to get liquid to the back of the tongue -Give a small amount and then allow the animal to swallow -Repeat -Stop if signs of coughing or choking |
| What Are Some General Considerations For The Application Of Spot-Ons? | -Ensure that product is applied to the skin of the animal and not on top of the fur -Apply between the shoulder blades to prevent ingestion |
| What Are Some General Considerations For The Application Of Creams? | -Often applied to small wounds -May need to clean area with cotton wool and water first -Wear gloves |
| What Is The Method For Giving Patients Eye Medication (Drops)? | -Hold the muzzle with the free hand -Tilt the head upwards, so that as the drops are applied they do not run out -Rest the hand holding the bottle/tube on the side of the dogs face near the eye |
| What Is The Method For Giving Patients Aural Medication? | -Gently pull the pinna up and slightly out -Apply the drops -Gently massage the base of the ear against the head in a circular motion |
| Define Parenteral Medication | Medication administered elsewhere in the body than the mouth and alimentary canal. |
| Where Is Subcutaneous Medication Injected And How Long Does It Normally Take To Take Effect? | -The scruff -30-45 minutes |
| What Is The Method For Subcutaneous Injection Administration? | 1.Use a sterile needle and syringe to draw up drug 2.Ensure patient is suitably restrained 3.Raise a fold of skin from suitable area 4.Moisten the skin with a spirit swab 5.Insert needle under the skin and withdraw syringe plunger 6.Inject drug |
| What Common Muscles Are Used In Intramuscular Medication Administration? | -Anterior quadriceps -Lumbodorsal muscles -Triceps |
| What Muscles Must Be Avoided In Intramuscular Injection And How Long Does IM Injection take to take effect? | -Gluteal and hamstring = sciatic nerve -20-30 minutes |
| What Is The Method For Intramuscular Injection Administration? | -Use a sterile needle and syringe to draw up drug -Ensure patient is suitably restrained -Moisten the skin with a spirit swab -Insert needle into the muscle at a 90 degree angle, withdraw the syringe plunger -Inject drug |
| What Veins Are Commonly Used In Intravenous Injection Administration And How Long Does It Take To Take Effect? | -Cephalic vein -Jugular vein -Saphenous vein -0-2 minutes |
| What Is The Method For IV Cephalic Vein Injection Administration? | -Leg clipped and cleaned, restrained and raised -Nurse stabilizes vein and inserts needle into vein -Backward pressure is applied to syringe to aspirate blood -Restrained stops raise, and drug slowly administered |
| How Are Needles And Syringes Disposed Of? | Needles = sharps bin Syringes = doop bin *Chemo meds go in cytotoxic bin* |
| Define Pharmacology | The science of chemicals that interact with the body. |
| Define Pharmacodynamics | The effect of the drug in the body. |
| What Is A Drugs Therapeutic Range? | -The ideal drug range concentration -Min-max effective concentration |
| What Is A Drugs Steady State? | -Concentration of drug that remains stable from dose to dose |
| What Does ADME Stand For In Pharmacodynamics? | Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion |
| Define Absorption Of A Drug? | -The process as a drug moves from the site of administration to systemic circulation |
| How May A Drug Cross Cell Membranes During Absorption? | -Direct diffusion -Transmembrane carrier proteins -Facilitated diffusion -Active transport -Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, aqueous pores |
| What Does It Mean If Something Is Lipophilic/Hydrophilic And What Is The Effect On Drug Absorption? | -Lipophilic = non-polarized and non-ionised, dissolves readily in fat -Hydrophilic = polarised and ionised, dissolves ready in water -To cross a cell membrane, must be lipophilic -Affects absorption, distribution and elimination |
| What Requirements Does A Drug Have To Meet To Cross Membranes By Direct/Passive Diffusion? | -Must be a concentration gradient -Small, lipophilic molecule -Must be correct temperature -Transport will also depend on thickness of membrane |
| What Are The Two Main Classifications Of Carrier Protein? | -Facilitated diffusion -Active transport (requiring energy - ATP) |
| What Factors Effect Drug Absorption At A Cellular Level? | -Route of administration -Method of crossing membranes -Lipophilic: hydrophilic nature -PH of the environment -Tissue perfusion |
| Describe Ion Trapping And Its Effect On Drug Absorption? | -Most drugs exist in weak acid/base form or neutral form -Cell membrane is charge selective -Stronger acids/bases push molecules to enter neutral form and cross membrane, where they revert back to charged form -Molecules cannot cross back |
| Define Bioavailability | Proportion of drug that reaches circulation when introduced into body. |
| What Factors Effect Drug Distribution? | -Perfusion -Capillary wall permeability -Protein binding |
| Why Is It More Difficult For Drugs To Cross The Blood Brain Barrier? | -Capillary wall structure less permeable (little/no spaces between cells) -Only small lipophilic molecules can cross |
| What Is Protein Binding In Drug Distribution? | -Albumin and globulin can bind to drugs in the bloodstream -Drugs that are bound become inactive and held within circulation -Hence cannot be metabolised/excreted |
| Where Does Metabolism Occur? | In the liver. |
| What Are The Two Forms Of Drug Metabolism? | Phase 1 = original molecule chemically transformed by oxidation/reduction/hydrolysis, becomes metabolised, more hydrophilic Phase 2 = metabolite combined with another, reduced bioactivity, easier excretion (more water soluble) |
| What Organs/Tissues Are Involved In Drug Excretion? | -Kidneys -Liver -Lungs -Hair -Milk (thus withdrawal periods needed for food producing animals) -Saliva |
| How Can The Metabolism/Excretion Of A Drug Be Measured? | Through calculating the half life (amount taken for half of drug to be removed). |
| What Is Affinity? | How well a drug binds to a receptor. |
| What Is An Agonist And Antagonist Drug? | Agonist = causes reaction Antagonist = causes no reaction |
| Define Drug Selectivity | Ability to preferentially bind to one receptor than other. |
| Define Drug Specificity | Ability to target the site in which it is required. |
| What Are The Different Receptors Related To Drug Absorption? | -Ligand-gated ion channels -G Protein coupled receptors -Protein kinase receptors -Intracellular receptors |
| How Can Prolonged Exposure To A Drug Effect Receptor Ability? | -Change in receptors -Loss of receptors -Depletion of mediators -Altered metabolism -Physiological adaptation |
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