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Exotics Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 types of housing for mice | shoebox caging, metabolic, and micro isolation cages |
| Female mice can be __________ together in _________ or __________ but male mice cannot be ___________ together that are in separate litters because of ___________ | housed, pairs, groups, housed, fighting |
| what are metabolic cages used for? | accurately used to monitor food consumption and waste products of the animal |
| what are micro isolation cages used for? | prevent pathogens from entering or exiting the cage in a barrier facility |
| if a mice is cornered during capturing they might ________ | bite |
| how to you hold a mouse | griping the tail about midway down its length |
| mouse are less likely to bite if you use _______ and _______ movements | calm and deliberate |
| how to restrain a mouse | let the mouse grip with its fore feet on a course surface, crook the tail in the last 2-3 fingers, grasp the scruff with you thumb and forefinger |
| how are mice sexed | comparing the ano-genital distance |
| is the ano-genital distance greater in the male or female | male |
| why is it easier to sex a newborn pups than a week old | testes are often retracted |
| where can you give SQ injections, where is the most convenient spot | folds of loose skin, over the lumbar area |
| how do you direct a SQ needle in the skin | caudal to cranial slightly lateral to the spine |
| up to how many mls may be injected SQ in a mouse | 1 ml |
| how to position the animal when giving IP injections and why | tip with the head lower than the hind legs, so the abdominal organs fall away from the injection site |
| how to insert and place the needle for an IP injection | tip slightly to the side of the midline halfway between the caudal edge of the sternum and the cranial aspect of the pelvis. point needle toward the centre of the abdomen |
| how many mm should you advance into the abdomen on a mouse | 2-3 mm |
| where is the simplest place/route to for an IV injection on a mouse | tail vein |
| when are the veins more clearly seen on a mouse | when they are warmed for a few minutes |
| what angle do you rotate the mouse tail at to get in the vein | 90 degrees |
| start injections as close to the __________ _________ as possible in a mouse | tail tip |
| a __________ tube or large _________ can be used for restraint where they can enter these and not be able to bite or turn around | plastic, syringe |
| if the needle does not enter the vein you are going ____________ and this can cause diffuse ________ _________. | perivascular, white swelling |
| accurate dosing with oral medication or nutritional support can only be accomplished in rodents using a ....... | stomach tube |
| which gavage is appropriate for a mouse | blunt end metal, 10cm long needle, 1-2 mm in diameter and straight or curved |
| how to measure the tube on a mouse from the outside | distance from nose to the xiphoid process |
| what reflex are you waiting for before entering needle into esophagus | pharyngeal |
| how can you confirm your gavage tube is in the correct placement for the mouse | insert a very small amount of fluid, a cough reflex indicates placement in the trachea and not in the esophagus |
| you can give only 1ml of fluid into the stomach but ___________ _______ hours before will allow a slightly larger volume | fasting, 12 |
| which is the best sight from which a blood sample can be taken on a mouse | saphenous vein |
| what needs to be blocked before entering the saphenous vein and how do you achieve this | venous return, tightening skin over thigh while extending the leg |
| shave from _______ to _____ on a mouse and with grooming clippers or a __________. | heel to knee, scalpel blade |
| if you want to puncture the vein before entering it, the cutting edge must always be ____________ the _________ to avoid __________ the vein | along, vein, severing |
| a heart puncture is _________ procedure and done on __________ animals | terminal, sentinal |
| how many mls can you collect from a house heart puncture and what is mandatory for the animal to be under? | 1-2mls, general anesthesia |
| what do you use to locate the heart on a mouse and where is it approx about on their body | indexfinger, where the mouses left elbow touches the sternum |
| _____________ the mouse body will give more venous return and give more blood | massaging |
| true or false: rats and nice and mice are mean | true |
| which type of blood sampling can yield large blood volumes and higher quality samples than alternative methods in rodents | retro-orbital blood sampling |
| how much blood can be taken when using the retro-orbital sample in a mouse | 1% of their body weight |
| how often are you allowed to do the retro-orbital blood sample method | limited to once a week to a maximum of twice per eye as a recovery procedure |
| what materials do you use to collect the blood from a retro-orbital sample | heparinized or heparinized hematocrit capillary tubes or standard needle and syringe |
| where do you place the capillary tube in the eye when you are about to draw blood in a retro-orbital blood sample | medial canthus of the eye under the nictitating membrane |
| as soon as the _________ is punctures during retro-orbital blood sample the blood will enter the capillary tube | sinus |
| Alcaine drops are used for what purpose | eyes anesthetic (drops) |
| when housing rats, how many females can live together and how many males can live together | 2-4 femailes, males are housed individually |
| sexing rats is the same as sexing __________ | mice |
| how to capture a rat and why is it important | near the base of the tail, |
| what is tail-degloving | if you grasp to close to the tip it can result in the tail peeling off |
| rats rarely bite unless _________ | stressed |
| how to restrain a rat | placing you index and middle fingers along side of the rats head, with you thumb and ring finger under the forelegs |
| restraining the rats head with you index and middle fingers along side the head restricts ________ but leans an open pathway for ________ | movement, gavaging |
| what is Chromodacryorrhea? | secretion of red tears |
| What are red tears and why do they show up | red tears is the prescense of porphyrin in the form of tiny little dots which can be caused by stress |
| porphyrin wont change colour when _______ | wet |
| how to position a rat for IP injection | stretch body rat by pulling its tail and covering the rat with a towel, cover rats entire body with the towel and tip the head downwards |
| what leg do you lift up when giving a rat an IP injection and why | left hind limb, to expose the abdomen |
| where should the injection site for IP in a rat be after positing it properly | lower left quadrant |
| how many people does it normally take to restrain a rat for blood collection | 2 |
| method for collecting blood from a tail vein in a rat is the same as what species | mice |
| what do you need to watch for specifically when gavaging a rat | taking the latter care to avoid the rats teeth and possibly biting off the tube |
| how to insert the gavage tube in a rat | introduce the ball tipped feeding needle from the pharynx into the esophagus when the rat is in the act of swallowing or slide it in from the right or left side of the mouth behind the teeth |
| 2 methods of conforming placement of a gavage in a rat | palpate the throat for presence of 2 tubes, insert small amount of water to watch for a cough reflex |
| why do adult rabbits live individually after weaning | fighting is common in moth sexes even among litter mates |
| what behaviour is normal in rabbits and is important for their GI tract | Coprophagy (night feces) |
| why do rabbits become so easily frightened and stressed | they are prey in the wild (Mcdonalds in the wild) |
| approach a rabbit ________ and provide reassurance by ________ it along its back | slowly, stroking |
| how to grasp a rabbit | grasp a handful of loose skin from the scruff and draw the rabbit towards you while supporting the back legs |
| never lift a rabbit by its ______!!!! | ears |
| how to support a rabbits hind legs | place your fingers and thumb firmly around each leg above the hock |
| when supporting/holding a rabbit you can ______ the rabbits head under you _________ which has a calming effect | tuck, arm |
| what direction must a rabbit go back in its cage | backwards into its cage so it cant leap forward |
| rabbits have a flexible spine which means they should never ______ _______ in mid _______ or they could _________ their spine | flexible, kick out, air, luxate |
| how to sex a rabbit | hold scruff and sit it upright on your knee, apply pressure to genital opening. If a penis is extruded its a male if its a female the vulval slit is visible |
| when are the testes usually retracted in a male rabbit | usually always even when mature |
| how to give an SQ injection to a rabbit | into loose folds of skin, over the shoulder blades is the most convenient spot |
| How many people do you need to give a rabbit an IP injection | 2 |
| how to restrain a rabbit for an IP injection | head lower than back legs, assistant hold scruff with dominant hand and back legs with non dominant hand, the rabbits body will rest on the dominant arm of the restrainer |
| how and where to insert the needle for a rabbit IP injection | side of the midline halfway between the caudal edge of the breast bone and the cranial edge of the pelvis. pierce skin with a sharp motion and enter 1cm into the abdomen |
| where is an IV injection normally given in a rabbit | ear vein |
| how can you make the vessels of a rabbit more prominent to visualize in the ear | heat them which causes vasodilation |
| what 2 things can you use to occlude the ear vein on a rabbit | finger, paperclip |
| what do you need to use when putting a stomach tube in a rabbit to prevent it biting the tube off | a gag, or a cylindrical plastic device about 1.5cm in diameter |
| why size of red rubber tube catheter works well for rabbits for a stomach tube | 2-4 mm in diameter |
| how to measure the length of a stomach tube for a rabbit | from nose to xiphiod process |
| where does the gag sit inside the rabbits mouth and why | side of the mouth behind the incisor teeth so that the hole is central and allows easy entry for the stomach tube |
| when giving a rabbit a stomach tube you must _____________ the tube with lubricant. and push it through the _________ with gentle __________ and the animal will ____________ __________. | moisten, gag, pressure, swallow reflexively |
| how to can confirm a stomach tube placement in a rabbit? | palpation of two tube in the throat and no air exiting the tube on exhalation |
| which vessels are most commonly used for blood collection in a rabbit | ear vessels |
| what are 3 options to utilize for restraint when taking blood from a rabbit | an assistant, commercial restraint devices, towel wrap |
| when taking blood from a ear vessel, you can take __________ samples from the ______ _______ vein. | small. lateral ear |
| when taking an ear blood sample from a rabbit. you can shave or ______ the site and cut the vein ________ for about ____ using a blood ________ or small _______ _________. | pluck, longitudinally, 1mm, lancet, scalpel blade |
| sample smaller than ____ml can use a ___________ __________ for a rabbit blood ear collection. samples larger than _______ ml can use a ___________ in the ___________ artery. | 5, capillary tube, 5, vacutainer, central |
| when inserting a needle into the rabbit ear vein or vessel the bevel must be to the ______ to prevent the arterial wall from ___________ the opening to the needle | side, occluding |
| how are animal models for human medical research selected | based on similarity in physiology and anatomy to a human in the applicable area |
| which animal is commonly used in GI research for humans? | pigs |
| what are the 3 R's of animal research | reduction, replacement, refinement |
| mice and rats are available with 3 types of genetic alterations what are they... | transgenic and knockout |
| what are the 2 legal ways to source research animals and which one is most common? | 1. purpose-bred animals (majority) 2. random source animals |
| what are purpose-bred animals | they are born and raised under controlled conditions and may be genetically manipulated |
| what are the 2 largest laboratories sourcing purpose-bred animals for CAN and US | 1. Charles River Laboratories 2. Jackson Laboratories |
| what are random source animals | include dogs and cats from animal shelters as well as animals purchased from farms or breeders |
| when would random source animals be preferred over purpose bred? | in the case that no genetic modification or SPF status is required as the cost is much lower. |
| which species are not available from research breeding facilities? | sheep |
| what are the attributes to look for when selected a research animal/species | litter size, life span, ease of handling, genetic modification ability |
| which gender is more expensive | females |
| price goes up the _________ the animal gets | older |
| what is Rattus Norvegicus | brown rat, rat strains |
| what are the 4 types of rat strains used in research | -Wistar, Sprague Dawley, Lewis, Lister Hooded |
| what colour are wistar rats | albino |
| what are the 3 characteristics of wistar rats | 1. good model for longterm studies 2. docile 3. median lifespan exceeds 50 months (long for rats) |
| what colour are Sprague Dawley rats | albino |
| what are 4 characteristics of Sprague Dawley rats | 1. large litter average (10.5) 2. docile 3. most widely used outbred rat 4. excellent reproductive performance and maternal characteristics |
| what colour are Lewis rats? | albino |
| what are the 4 characteristics of Lewis rats | 1. litter average 7.5 2. docile 3. inbred partner for several congenic strains 4. sensitive to the development of a number of autoimmune diseases |
| what are the 3 things Lewis rats are specifically used for in research? | transplantation, arthritis and diabetes |
| what colour are lister hooded rats | black and white |
| what are the 3 characteristics of lister hooded rats | - smaller breed -vision is less sensitive -susceptible to audiogenic seizures |
| what are audiogenic seizures | seizures caused by sound/noise |
| what are the 4 types if mice strains in research | Blk, BALB, SCID, Nude |
| what colour are Blk mice | black |
| what are the 2 characteristics of Blk mice | - good repro performance - used for transgenic/knockout model development, diet induced obesity and immunology |
| what colour are BALB mice | albino |
| which mouse strain is hard to house because they emit certain pheromones which could have ann effect on other mice within a close distance | BALB mice |
| which mouse strand is used in hybridoma development | BALB mice |
| what is hybridoma development | hybrid cells used to produce large amounts of antibodies for therapeutic or diagnostic use |
| which mouse strand has the highest fertility window | BALB mice |
| which mouse stand is good with humans but has high intrastrain aggression | BALB |
| what are the two options that SCID mice come in | albino and hairless |
| why are SCID mice available as hairless in some cases | tumor growth |
| what does SCID (mouse strand) stand for | severely compromised immunodeficiency |
| which mouse strain are known as "bubble mice" | SCID |
| Why are SCID mice immunodeficient within their physiology | immunodeficient due to a block in T and B-cell lymphocyte development |
| the colour of a nude mouse is..... | "hairless" |
| what is the genetic mutation of the nude mouse | removed thymus gland resulting in an inhibited immune system due to greatly reduced number of T-cells |
| the main outward appearance or the ______________ is a lack of body hair which is wear it got its nick name | phenotype |
| causing the nude mouse to actually be nude or hairless was an ___________. | accident |
| where was the Sphinx nude cat created | Canada |
| what is the scientific name for mouse strains | Mus musculus |
| what is the scientific name for guinea pig strains | Cavia porcellus |
| what are the 2 types of guinea pig strains | 1. Hartley 2. IAF hairless |
| what colour is the Hartley guinea pig | white |
| which guinea pig strain will stampede if frightened | Hartley |
| where can guinea pigs be housed in a research facility | in tubs because they cannot jump or climb |
| the IAH hairless guinea pig is hairless but also on ___________ background | albino |
| which guinea pig has extra sensitive skin | IAF hairless |
| when was the natural mutation in Hartley population into IAF guinea pigs discovered | 1978 |
| which guinea pig is used in dermatology | IAF hairless |
| what is the scientific name for Gerbils | Meriones unguiculatus |
| what is the only strain of gerbil | Mongolian gerbil |
| what is the colour of a Mongolian gerbil | agouti with black |
| why is the Mongolian gerbil useful in endocrine studies | low water requirement and highly concentrated urine |
| which species have the smallest litters compared to other rodents | gerbils at 4.5 |
| why are Mongolian gerbils also used in lipid metabolism studies? | susceptible to high serum and hepatic cholesterol levels |
| why is the scientific name for hampsters | Cricetus cricetus |
| what is the only strain of hamster | syrian |
| what colour is the syrian hampster | gold/tan |
| syrian hampsters have great reproductive performances but the downfall is that they........ | eat their babies |
| the syrian hamster is relatively free from _________ disease but susceptible to _________ ___________. | spontaneous, induced pathogens |
| what are the hamsters cheek pouches used to study for? | ideal site for evaluating the carcinogenic potential of substances |
| what is the scientific name for rabbit breeds | Oryctolagus cuniculus |
| what are the 4 breeds of rabbits | New Zealand white (NZW), New Zealand Red, Californians, Flemish giant |
| which is the most common breed of rabbit used in research | New Zealand White (NZW) |
| what were the New Zealand White rabbits originally bred for? | raised for meat |
| why would you choose NZR over NZW | a better alternative if the albino variance presents an issue (light sentitivity) |
| which New Zealand rabbit has less availability as a purpose bred animal | NZR |
| the New Zealand Red is a _______-_________ phenotype of NZW | non-albino |
| what colour are californian rabbits | black and white |
| which rabbit is a good mother and with large litters (8-10 kits) | californian |
| how many colour variations does the flemish giant have | 7 |
| the flemish rabbit is the largest rabbit breed, what is the average size in pounds | 15-22 lbs |
| why 3 things are flemish rabbits bred for | meat, fur, domestic pet |
Created by:
jscott41
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