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avian dis ii
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two non-motile members of the Salmonella genus that infect birds | Salmonella pullorum & S.gallinarum are non-motile. |
| What 2 disease names are given to infection w/ Salmonella pullorum | Salmonella pullorum causes bacillary white diarrhea, also known as pullorum disease |
| Infection w/ Salmonella gallinarum is called what | Fowl typhoid is caused by S.gallinarum. |
| What does paratyphoid refer to | Paratyphoid is the name for any disease caused by a motile species of Salmonella. |
| What is the most common salmonella serotype in turkeys | Salmonella arizonae is the most common serotype in turkeys. |
| T/F Pullorum & fowl typhoid are zoonotic | FALSE,Salmonella gallinarum & S.pullorum are not zoonotic. |
| T/F Pullorum disease & fowl typhoid are of major economic significance in commercial poultry in the US | FALSE,Pullorum disease & fowl typhoid have been reduced to very low incidence in the U.S. |
| What are the natural hosts of S.pullorum & S.gallinarum | Chickens & turkeys are the natural hosts of S.pullorum & S.gallinarum,but other species can be infected. |
| What is the primary method of transmitting S.pullorum & S.gallinarum,How else does infection occur | Direct vert tx(infection of the egg from the ovary)is the most common method of tx S.pullorum & S.gallinarum,Birds may also become infected by contact w/ contaminated enviro. |
| What is the primary cs of pullorum disease & fowl typhoid in hatcheries | The most prominent sign of fowl typhoid &pullorum disease is large number of piped embryos(unhatchedchicks)&high chick mort starting by the 1stday in the brooder house. |
| How does the duration of the mort period differ btw fowl typhoid & pullorum disease | One of the few differ btw pullorum &fowl typhoid is that mort cont through adulthood in S.gallinarum infect,but stops by 2 wks of age in S.pullorum infections. |
| When does mort start in brooder houses(if pullorum or typhoid is present),When is the average peak mort | Mort starts on 1st or 2nd day in brooder house & peaks at one week(in some cases). |
| In surviving chicks,what is the most important cs of pullorum | Chicks that survive S.pullorum or S.gallinarum infection will show white pasting around the vent,More var signs incl swjts,nervous signs,resp distress,lethargy,huddling. |
| What are the cs of pullorum & fowl typhoid in adult chickens | There will be decr egg prod in carriers,but gen there are no cs in adults,even w/ acute infection,Rarely depression,pale combs & mm,interdiar & fever. |
| Give 4 most imp pathologic signs/lesions assoc w/ pullorum & fowl typhoid in chicks,Describe add signs in chicks | piped embryos,chicks w/ fowl typhoid/gallinarum have omphalitis(w/ ret yolksac),enlarged liver,spleen w/ necrfoci,Sometimes pericarditis,swell hockjnt w/ yellow visc fluid,necrfoci in heart,absc in lungs,cong kid w/ ureters w/ white chalky urates. |
| Where are lesions of pullorum & fowl typhoid found in adult carriers | Adult carriers of S.pullorum & S.gallinarum have misshapen/pedunculated ovules contain oily/caseous material enclosed in a thick capsule,Only hens are carriers,infect localizes in ovaries. |
| T/F Misshapen or pedunculated ovules containing caseous material are unique lesions to Salmonella | TRUE. |
| What lesions are seen in adult birds that die of acute pullorum or fowl typhoid | Adult birds w/ acute pullorum or fowl typhoid may have enlarged liver w/ necrofoci & spleen & kidneys are swollen & congested. |
| How is diagnosis of pullorum & fowl typhoid made | History,symptoms & lesions presumptive diagnosis,complete isolation req for definitive diagnosis. |
| T/F Flocks can be treated w/ antibiotics to eliminate pullorum & fowl typhoid | FALSE,Antibiotics reduce mort, but won’t eliminate carriers,so disease remains in flock. |
| The best method of prevention & control of pullorum & fowl typhoid | Elimination of carriers is best method of prevention & control(Test flock,kill reactors,repeat month later,repeat once more,if reactors found after 3 tests,eliminate flock). |
| T/F An attenuated vaccine is available for reducing mort caused by pullorum disease | FALSE,attenuated vac is available for S.gallinarum(NOT S.pullorum). |
| Which flocks should be vaccinated w/ S.gallinarum & what age | Fowl typhoid vac should be given only to commercial layer flocks at 9-10 wks where disease is endemic. |
| T/F Like pullorum & fowl typhoid,paratyphoid infections are of little economic imp | FALSE,Paratyphoid is of economic significance b/c it causes greater losses than typhoid & pullarium. |
| T/F Like pullorum & fowl typhoid,paratyphoid infections are zoonotic | FALSE,Paratyphoid infections are zoonotic, but pullorum & fowl typhoid are not,Paratyphoid is a serious public health risk. |
| Where do motile salmonella tend to localize | Paratyphoid organisms are usually found in the intestinal tract. |
| How is paratyphoid tx,Inc host & bact species differences | Paratyphoid is commonly tx through egg,Direct ovarian tx occurs in tk,dks,gs,pg, most species of mot salmonella,& occurs in chickens w/ S.enteritidiis. |
| What are the symptoms of paratyphoid,Compare to pullorum & fowl typhoid | Paratyphoid,like pullorum cause high mort for up to first few wks,There are a large number of piped embryos,Chicks may be depressed & have wtry diar,Growing birds may have poor appetite,diarrhea,dehyd,Like pullorum & typhoid,adults usu donot show cs. |
| Descr lesions of paratyphoid & compare them to fowl typhoid & pullorum disease | Like fowl typhoid & pullorum,omphalitis in chicks is common & necrliver & spleen found in adults w/ severe cases,Unlike nonmotile salmonella infects,paratyphoid infections doNOT cause lesions in ovaries. |
| What information is essential when conducting serological test for paratyphoid infections | It is essential to know the serotype present & use appropriate antigens when conducting serological testing. |
| T/F Large scale serological testing & removal of reactors is a common,eff method of elimin paratyphoid infection | FALSE,impractical b/c of frequent intermit shedding in feces & contamination of the environment. |
| What are the most important methods of prevention & control of paratyphoid | Egg sanitation & fumigation is the most important method of prevention & control of paratyphoid,Gen hatchery & flock sanitation is very important. |
| A vaccine is available for what motile species of Salmonella | There is a vaccine for S.enteritidis,but not for other motile salmonella species. |
| What are the cs of S.typhimurium in pet birds | Pet birds w/ S. typhimurium may have diarrhea & nervous signs. |
| T/F Salmonella arizonae is only found in turkeys | FALSE,is the most common serotype in turkerys,but it is also found in chicks,ducklings,psittacines,& passerines. |
| How is arizonosis transmitted | S.arizonae can be transmitted by fecal contamination of eggs or possibly directly from the ovary in turkeys. |
| What are the 3 most important cs of arizonosis in poults & chicks (up to 4-6wks),What other signs may be present | Mort,nervous signs(torticollis)& blindness are the most imp signs,diarrhea(w/ pasting around the vent),leg weakness & depression may also be present. |
| What is the most frequently seen lesion of arizonosis,What other lesions are present | Exudate in the vitreous of eyeballs is the most frequently seen lesion of arizonosis,Meningitis,necroliver,distended heart may also be seen. |
| List possible differential diagnoses for arizonosis | DD for nervous signs inc Newcastle disease & aspergillosis,DD for blindness is aspergillosis. |
| What treatments are available for arizonosis | Furozolidone,gentamicin & spectinomycin can be used to reduce mort & spread of infection but do not eliminate carriers. |
| T/F There are no effective vaccines for S. arizonae | TRUE. |
| Are there any differences in prevention & control of arizonosis & other paratyphoid infections | There are no differences in control of paratyphoid infections,sanitation & egg fumigation are most important. |
| What disease is caused by M. gallisepticum in chickens & pet birds | Chickens & pet birds w/ M. gallisepticum have chronic resp disease. |
| What is the common name for M gallisepticum infection in turkeys | Infectious sinusitis is M. gallisepticum infection in turkeys. |
| What are complicated M. gallisepticum infections called | Infections of M. gallisepticum complicated w/ other bacteria (usu Ecoli) or viruses produce airsaculitis. |
| What are the 2 methods of tx of M.gallisepticum | most common tx M.gallisepticum is through contam as egg passthru oviduct,Airborne tx of M.gallisepticum or fecal contamination of eggs is possible,Ovarian tx does NOT occur(unlike nonmotile salmonella & paratyphoid in tk & S.enteritidis in ck). |
| At what age do M. gallisepticum outbreaks occur in broilers | Outbreaks of M. gallisepticum occur between 4-8 wks of age. |
| What are the signs of M. gallisepticum infections in broilers | Broilers w/ M. gallisepticum have high morbidity & low mort (except in complicated cases),They show slow growth,downgrading of carcass,Nasal sinuses swell & cough noticed. |
| What are the signs of M. gallisepticum infections in adult chickens | Adult chickens w/ chronic resp disease have mild tracheal rales, nasal discharge & coughing,Productivity is reduced. |
| What do turkeys w/ infectious sinusitis look like | Turkeys w/ M. gallisepticum have inflammation in the infraorbital sinus. |
| Describe three gross lesions seen in complicated M. gallisepticum infections (airsaculitis) | Air sacs have a thickened membrane & contain caseous pus,Fibrinopurulent pericarditis & perihepatitis also present. |
| What is the primary gross lesion of uncomplicated M.gallisepticum | Catarrhal exudate present throughout resp tract in birds w/ M.gallisepticum,Pinpoint grayish beads of lymphfollicular agg seen microscopically in airsac membranes. |
| Provide a DD for M.gallisepticum in chickens | Chronic resp disease caused by M. gallisepticum in chickens may be confused for infectious coryza. |
| Provide 3 DD for M.gallisepticum in turkeys | Fowl cholera,ornithosis,& turkey coryza all look similar to M.gallisepticum infections in turkeys. |
| Are vaccines for M.gallisepticum available | Vaccines for M.gallisepticum are available,but not very effective. |
| T/F Egg fumigation is an effective method of preventing M.gallisepticum infection | FALSE,Egg dipping is much more effective than fumigation. |
| What species are susceptible to M. meleagridis | Only turkeys get M. meleagridis, NOT chickens. |
| What is the primary method of tx of M.meleagridis | Mycoplasma meleagridis is mainly tx by fecal contamination of eggs, but aerosol transmission also possible. |
| At what age do turkeys w/ M. meleagridis show signs of airsacculitis,How does this differ from M. gallisepticum | M.meleagridis causes airsacculitis in turkeys at 1day of age,whereas complicated M.gallisepticum causes airsacculitis at 4-8 wks. |
| In add to airsacculitis,what other lesions are caused by M.meleagridis | M.meleagridis causes skeletal lesions,incl twisting of the tarsometatarsus & swelling of the hock. |
| What are the signs of airsacculitis | Turkey poults usually do not show signs of M. meleagridis. |
| How is M. meleagridis prevented | Avoid using infected semen,dip eggs before incubation, & medicate breeders. |
| What species are susceptible to Mycoplasma synoviae | Turkeys, chickens, & guinea fowl are susceptible to M. synoviae. |
| What are the two different manifestations of M.synoviae infections,Which is more common | M.synoviae usu causes synovitis, bursitis,tendonitis,It can cause sub-clinical upper resp tract infections too. |
| What lesions are seen when M. synoviae is complicated by Newcastle or infectious bronchitis virus | Complicated M.synoviae infections cause airsacculitis. |
| Compare the tx of M.synoviae to M.gallisepticum & M.meleagridis | M.synoviae is primarily tx by aerosols,but can be tx through fecal contamination of eggs,opposite is true of M.meleagridis(mostly egg tx,some aerosol tx)M.gallisepticum is readily tx by either method. |
| What is the incubation period for M.synoviae | incubation period is 2-3wks for M.synoviae(Disease first appears at 2wks in chicks infected by egg tx & takes 2-3wks to appear after exposure in adults). |
| At what age are cs & outbreaks of M.synoviae most common in chickens,In turkeys | Cs & outbreaks of M.synoviae usu appear at 4-16wks in chickens & 10-24 wks in turkeys. |
| What are the cs of M.synoviae,How is it differentiated from pullorum disease | cs of M.synoviae are swell of hockjnt & footpads,Resp signs are mild or asymp,Birds have pale comb,ruff feath,retard gwth & lameness,Pullorum can cause swell in hock,but footpads not involved & are usually other signs (diarrhea). |
| What is the severity of cs of resp infections caused by M. synoviae | Resp infections caused by M.synoviae will have mild cs. |
| Describe the changes in synovial fluid as disease progresses | Normally synovial fluid is clear & watery,but M.synoviae causes it to become more viscous & cloudy,As disease progresses exudates becomes creamy to gray & caseous. |
| What are the less common gross lesions of M.synoviae | The liver & spleen may become enlarged, mottled & greenish to dark red,Kidn swollen & pale,caseous exudates may extend over skull,along neck & into airsacs. |
| What key features are used to make a presumptive diagnosis of M.synoviae,What method is used to provide a more conclusive diagnosis | Swollen footpads & hocks,w/ a pale comb,emac,&lameness are good indicator of M.synoviae. |
| T/F Viral arthritis is a differential diagnosis for turkeys w/ swollen joints | FALSE,Turkeys do not get viral arthritis,chickens do. |
| How can M.synoviae be prevented | Egg dipping & cont low dose of chlortetracycline may prevent M. synoviae. |
| How do eggs become infected w/ E. coli & what is the outcome,What are the poss if Ecoli is tx through resp route | Fecal cont of eggs is most imp source of infection,Eggs also become infected direct through ovary,If egg is infected w/ Ecoli,early chick mort is common,Resp infection(from cont envir)cause colisept or airsac disease. |
| Mort may continue up to what age (generally),What lesions are seen | Mort usu occurs w/in the first 3 wks,only lesions are usu omphalitis & peritonitis. |
| In cases where chick mort does not occur,what evidence of disease can be observed | A retained yolk sac & poor growth may be the only signs of Ecoli infection if the bird survives. |
| T/F Unlike salmonellosis,Ecoli does not cause liver/spleen involvement in very young chicks | TRUE,Ecoli can produce pinpoint necrosis/swelling in liver,but this occurs w/ colisepticemia,not egg tx. |
| Colisepticemia occurs in broilers of what age, when is the peak | Colisepticemia occurs in broilers between 3-12 wks of age, w/ peak incidence at 6-9 wks. |
| What are the primary cs & gross lesions of acute colisepticemia | Acute colisepticemia may cause mort (over 20%),liver is swollen & pinpoint necrofoci,pericarditis also present,These lesions are inconsistent. |
| What are the main lesions of air sac disease caused by Ecoli | Air sac disease causes less mort than colisepticemia,liver is swollen,dark,covered by thick white false membrane,are also lesions of chronic pericarditis. |
| How is Ecoli diagnosis made,How is pathogenicity determined | Ecoli diagnosis must be made by isolation & ident w/ pathdetermined by inoculation of embryos. |
| How is E. coli prevented | Ecoli is difficult to control,Good husbry,clean,disinfection,fumigating eggs may help. |
| What organism causes fowl cholera | Pasteurella multocida. |
| How is Pasteurella multocida tx | horizontally through feed & water contaminated w/ excretions. |
| What avian species are susceptible to Pasteurella multocida,Especially which | Most avian species are susceptible to P. multocida,Turkeys especially. |
| T/F Pasteurella multocida isolates of pigs are pathogenic to fowl | TRUE,Pigs should not be raised near birds. |
| T/F Younger birds are more susceptible to P. multocida than older birds | FALSE,Older birds (over 3 months) are more susceptible to P. multocida. |
| Birds w/ acute fowl cholera may die w/in (12 hours, 1-2 days, 2-3 wks) after exposure,What are cs of acute fowl cholera | Acute fowl cholera causes death w/in 24-48 hours, often w/out causing any cs. |
| What are the four major cs of subacute fowl cholera | Subacute fowl cholera causes anorexia, drowsiness, fever & diarrhea. Cyanosis & watery oral discharge are also seen. |
| Where does chronic fowl cholera usually localize | cs of chronic fowl cholera are related to the area of localization, which is usually in the leg or wing jnts,in the wattles,footpad,sternum,sinuses |
| What gross lesions are seen w/ chronic fowl cholera | Fluid or caseous exudate may be seen in affected joints, wattles, or wherever it has localized. |
| What gross lesions are seen w/ acute & subacute forms of P. multocida | Most of the lesions assoc w/ both acute & subacute P. multocida are related to vascular disturbances,Subepicardial/subserosal hemor common,Petechial/ecchymotic hemor widespread,liver also enlarged. |
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alljacks
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