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MD - Week 2
Inflammation, Regeneration & Repair
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Inflammation | The vascular and cellular response to injury in cells and tissues. |
| Name Some Potential Causes Of Inflammation? | -Pathogens -Mechanical injury (cuts, burns) -Physical injury (accidents) -Chemical agents (allergens, toxins) |
| What Are The Five Clinical Signs Of Inflammation? | -Heat -Swelling -Pain -Loss of function -Redness |
| How Can Inflammation Protect The Body? | -Dilute toxins -Isolate insulting agent -Minimise damage -Remove necrotic debris -Initiate healing |
| What Is Hepatitis? | Inflammation of the liver. |
| What Is Dermatitis? | Inflammation of the skin. |
| What Is Enteritis? | Inflammation of the small intestine. |
| What Is Gastritis? | Inflammation of the stomach. |
| What Is Mastitis? | Inflammatory of mammary tissue. |
| What Is Laminitis? | Inflammation of the laminae. |
| What Is Myositis? | Inflammation of muscle. |
| What Does It Mean If Inflammation Is Per-Acute? | Lasting a couple of hours (haemorrhage, stings). |
| What Does It Mean If Inflammation Is Acute? | Lasting 4-6 hours (oedema). |
| What Does It Mean If Inflammation Is Sub-Acute? | Lasting days to weeks. |
| What Does It Mean If Inflammation Is Chronic? | Long-lasting. |
| What Does It Mean If Inflammation Is Chronic-Active? | Chronic with some acute stages. |
| What Happens During The Vascular Phase Of Inflammation? | -Vessels calibre (initial vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation) -Increased vessel permeability (fluid/exudate leakage) -Smooth muscle contraction to increase blood flow |
| What Roles Do Chemical Mediators Have In Inflammation And Provide Some Examples Of Chemical Mediators? | -Realised from cells that act on blood vessels and inflammatory cells. -Increase blood flow, vessel permeability and activity of WBCs. -Histamine, prostaglandins, kinins, neuropeptides. |
| What Role Does Histamine Have In Inflammation? | -Chemical mediator -Increases vessel permeability and contraction of smooth muscle -Released from mast cells |
| What Role Do Kinins Have In Inflammation? | -Chemical mediator -Increases vessel permeability, stimulates other mediators, activates arachidonic acid cascade |
| What Role Do Neuropeptides Have In Inflammation? | -Chemical mediator -Such as substance p -Increases vessel permeability, pain |
| Describe The Process Of The Arachidonic Acid Cascade? | -Arachidonic acid found in cell membranes, freed from membrane by PLA2 enzyme -COX 1/2 converts arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, prostacyclin, thromboxane = chemical mediators |
| What Happens During The Cellular Phase Of Inflammation? | -WBC migrate through endothelium in blood vessels, arrive at injury site (chemotaxis) -Role in repair and healing |
| Which White Blood Cells Are Classified As Granulocytes? | Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. |
| What Are Neutrophils And What Is There Role In Inflammation? | -Often first WBC to arrive at inflammation site -Releases chemical mediators -Attracts more WBCs -Phagocytosis -Short lifecycle (die within a few days) |
| What Are Eosinophils And What Is There Role In Inflammation? | -Similar to neutrophils, also present during acute stage of inflammation -Connected to surfaces -Associated with allergic reaction -Phagocytosis |
| What Are Leucocytes/Basophils And What Is There Role In Inflammation? | -Similar functions to mast cells -Not specifically associated with lesions |
| What Cells Are Classified As Mononuclear Cells? | -Lymphocytes (plasma cells) -Monocytes (macrophages) -Epithelioid cells -Giant cells |
| What Are Lymphocytes And What Is There Role In Inflammation? | -Role in acquired immunity -Helper and cytotoxic T cells are associated with cell mediated immunity -Natural killer cells are associated with the innate immune system -Plasma cells are formed from B lymphocytes, they produce and store antibodies |
| What Are Macrophages And What Is There Role In Inflammation? | -Important role in phagocytosis (clean up of area for healing) -After neutrophils (thus evident of chronic inflammation) -Synthesise mediators |
| What Are Epithelioid/Giant Cells And What Is There Role In Inflammation? | -Formed from macrophages -Evident of chronic inflammation |
| What Are The Steps Of WBC Activation? | 1. Margination 2. Pavementing 3.Emigration 4.Chemotaxis 5.Phagocytosis |
| What Is White Blood Cell Margination? | -Haemodynamic changes, vessel constriction WBCs move to endothelium -Adhesion molecules on the endothelium attach to adhesion molecules on WBCs -Length of time of adhesion depends on strength of inflammatory response |
| What Is White Blood Cell Pavementing? | -Layer of WBCs stick to endothelium |
| What Is White Blood Cell Emigration? | -WBCs squeeze through inter-endothelial cell junctions in venules (perivascular spaces) -Circulating neutrophils diam approx. 10υm can reduce width to 1 υm |
| What Is White Blood Cell Chemotaxis? | -Directional migration of WBCs along a chemical gradient -Chemo-attractants |
| What Is Phagocytosis? | -Engulfing of large particles/cells and destruction intracellularly -Surface attachment & engulfment -Digestion in phagolysosome |
| What Are The Different Forms Of Phagocytosis? | -Oxygen Dependant = Increased oxygen and energy utilisation of cell -Oxidant damage & peroxidation of membrane lipids -Oxygen Independent Killing = Enzymes |
| What Is Parenchymal Tissue Regeneration And Connective Tissue Replacement? | Parenchymal tissue regeneration = replacement of dead cells by new healthy cells, tissues return to normal state, requires supportive connective tissue Connective tissue replacement = loss of parenchymal cells and connective tissue, causes scarring |
| What Two Aspects Effect Tissue Regeneration? | -Capability of the cells -Maintenance of connective tissue framework |
| What Cells Are Involved In Tissue Regeneration? | -Labile cells = rapidly multiplying e.g. epithelia, haematopoietic tissue -Stable cells = low turnover rate e.g. renal tubules, hepatocytes, bone |
| What Are Permanent Cells? | Cells that are unable to replicate in postnatal life. |
| Give Some Examples Of Tissues With Good Regenerative Capability? | -Connective tissue -Blood vessels -Bone marrow -Intestinal and gastric epithelium |
| Give Some Examples Of Tissues With Limited/No Regenerative Capability? | -Cartilage -Kidneys -Pancreas -Neurones -Cardiac muscle |
| What Will Happen To A Neurone Post Injury? | -If the cell body is effected, the whole neurone will degenerate. -If the axon if effected, the area below the damage will degenerate, the degeneration will also travel up the axon to the next node of ranvier. The neurone may then be able to regenerate. |
| What Are The Stages Of Wound Repair? | -Vascular -Inflammatory -Proliferative -Remodelling |
| What Is Healing By Primary Intention? | -Opposing edges of tissue are brought together usually by surgery |
| What Is Healing By Secondary Intention? | -Wound left to heal naturally -Formation of granulation tissue (fibroblasts producing collagen, neo-vascularization) -Epithelialisation and wound contraction |
| What Is The Function Of A Myofibroblast? | Ability to contract (almost like muscle) causing wound contracture, causing tightening and shrinking of a wound. |
| What Is Healing By Tertiary Intention? | Healing by a mix of primary and secondary intention after wound break down. |
Created by:
aimee_knows_nothing
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