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MD - Week 1
Disease Intro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Disease | A condition of the body, or some part or organ of the body, in which its functions are disturbed or deranged. |
| Define Infectious Disease | Disease brought about by invasion and multiplication of an infectious agent (microorganism). |
| Define Non-Infectious Disease | A disturbance brought about by physical, chemical, or genetic factors. |
| Define Contagious Disease | A disease that passes from one infected animal to another by direct contact or natural secretions/excretions. |
| Define Pathology | The study of disease. |
| Define Aetiology | The cause of disease. Could be environmental, genetic, etc. |
| Define Pathogenesis | The development of the disease. Sequence of events in response to the aetiological agent. |
| Define Morphology | Structural alterations that occur. |
| Define Disease Manifestation | The sum of the damage done by the agent and the body’s response. |
| Define Prognosis | Expected outcome of the disease. |
| What Is The Aetiology Of Hip Dysplasia? | Genetic factors and non-genetic factors (obesity, growth rate, exercise, etc). |
| What Is The Pathogenesis Of Hip Dysplasia? | Pups born with normal joint formation, within 2 months hip laxity, stretching of round ligament in joint, loss of definition of acetabular rim, subluxation of femoral head, remodelling of articular cartilage and femoral head. |
| What Is The Morphology Of Hip Dysplasia? | Thickening of femoral neck, flattening of femoral head, acetabular shallowing. |
| What Is The Disease Manifestation Of Hip Dysplasia? | Young animals present with hip swaying, bunny hopping, reduced muscle mass, old animals present with stiffness, difficult rising, pain on ROM |
| What Is Cell Injury? | A disruption to normal cell homeostasis. |
| What Are The Characteristics Of An Injured Cell? | -ATP depletion -Permeabilization of cell membranes -Disruption of biochemical pathways -DNA damage |
| What Are Some Causes Of Cell Injury? | -Ischaemia (lack of blood flow) -Hypoxia (lack of oxygen) -Injury by free radicals -Disruption of calcium homeostasis |
| Define Atrophy | Adaption in which cells, decrease in size (causing tissues and organs to also decrease in size). |
| Define Hypertrophy | Adaption in which cells increase in size, with no change to the overall number of cells (causing organs to also increase in size). |
| Define Hyperplasia | Adaption causing an increase in the overall number of cells (no change in size). |
| Define Metaplasia | Adaption where one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type. |
| Define Dysplasia | Disordered cellular development. |
| Define Cell Degeneration | The deterioration of cells following live injury. |
| What Are The Main Manifestations In Cells Undergoing Regeneration? | -Oncosis = Cell swelling. -Abnormal accumulations. |
| What Happens During Cell Oncosis? | -Injury to cell membrane -Injury to sodium potassium pump, causing sodium to move into cell with water -Distention of the endoplasmic reticulum with water |
| What Are Common Characteristics In Tissues With Cell Oncosis? | Tissues weigh more, have round edges, and are wet in appearance. -Cells can appear pale |
| What Are The Three Different Severities To Cell Oncosis? | -Mild = cloudy swelling -Moderate = hydropic (vacuolar) degeneration (vacuoles form) -Severe = ballooning degeneration |
| What Are The Two Causes Of Cell Death? | -Apoptosis -Necrosis |
| Define Necrosis | Pathological cell death. Death of a cell in a localised, living area due to injury. |
| What Are The Causes Of Necrosis? | -Hypoxia -Ischemia -Physical agents -Chemical agents -Immunological agents -Infectious agents -Free radicles |
| What Morphological Differences Are Seen In The Cytoplasm Of A Cell Undergoing Necrosis? | -Eosinophilia of cytoplasm (appears pink) -Vacuolation -Dystrophic calcification -Swollen mitochondria |
| What Morphological Differences Are Seen In The Nucleus Of A Cell Undergoing Necrosis? | -Shrunk, condensed appearance (pyknosis) -Fragmented appearance (karyorrhexis) -Burst nucleus (karyolysis) |
| What Morphological Differences Are Seen In The Cell Membrane Of A Cell Undergoing Necrosis? | -Rupture of membrane -Release of cytoplasmic contents (initiates inflammatory cascade, increased blood flow, chemotaxis of leucocytes) |
| What Forms Of Inflammatory Response Are Seen With Necrosis? | -Removal of dead cells -Removal of infective agents -Wall-off of necrotic area to prevent damage spread |
| What Is The Overall Morphology Of Necrotic Tissue? | -Pale = decreased blood flow, coagulation of cell cytoplasm -Can appear dark if haemorrhage present -Altered size -Softening (malacia) -Zone of demarcation (peri-lesion inflammation) -Redness, swelling |
| What Is Coagulative Necrosis? | -Form of necrosis -Sudden cessation of blood flow -Coagulation of cell cytoplasm -Able to identify tissue, but details lost (eosinophilic shadow) -Commonly seen in kidney, spleen |
| What Is Liquefactive Necrosis? | -Form of necrosis -Soft, fluid lesions -Loss of tissue structure -Seen in infections -Cell debris |
| What Is Caseous Necrosis? | -Form of necrosis -Loss of tissue structure -Remnants become granular, eosinophilic debris, fragmented cells, inflammatory border -Dystrophic calcification -Associated with bacterial infections |
| What Is Gangrene Necrosis? | -Not a pathological type of necrosis -Refers to ischaemic necrosis of an extremity -Dry gangrene (coagulative necrosis), wet gangrene (infection and liquefaction) and gas gangrene (bacteria cause gas in tissue) |
| What Is Apoptosis? | Programmed cell death. Single cell broken down to membrane bound bodies, cell fragments removed by WBCs, no release of harmful substances. Can be normal or pathological. Lack of apoptosis can also be pathological. |
Created by:
aimee_knows_nothing
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