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H+D Lecture 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| metabolism | the process in which the body makes energy |
| metabolic disorders | occur when abnormal chemical reactions in your body disrupt this process |
| ketosis | common in adult cattle, particularly dairy cattle; characterized by anoreia/hyporexia and reduced milk production |
| two conditions required for ketosis to develop | antense adipose mobilization, high glucose demand |
| type 1 ketosis: | occurs 4-6 weeks after calving; related more to underfeeding a cow w/ high glucose needs to produce milk, less with fat mobilization |
| type 2 ketosis: | occurs in the postpartum period; associated with lipid mobilization and increased glucose needs |
| subclinical ketosis: | high levels of serum ketosis without clinical signs; increases risk of clinical ketosis, metritis, displaced abomasum, affects fertility and reduced milk production |
| clinical signs of ketosis: | reduced food intake, reduced milk production, lethargy, empty-appearing abdomen, afebrile ( no fever) but slightly dehydrated; rumen motility varies, may see neurological signs |
| diagnosis of ketosis: | ketonuria, serum beta hydroxybutyrate (BHB) elevation, hypoglycemia, physical exams |
| ketonuria: | elevation of ketones in urine, also seen in milk and blood |
| BHB: | can be used as a screening test for subclinical ketosis |
| hypoglycemia: | low blood glucose levels |
| treatment of ketosis: | aimed at correcting BG levels and reducing ketone levels; IV glucose |
| IV glucose: | solution is hyperosmotic and must be given IV; if given perivascularly, can cause tissue irritation and swelling |
| prevention of ketosis: | focused on maintaining and promoting feed intake; reduce stressors to help increase feed intake, promote rapid and sustained increases in feed consumption |
| abomasum: | suspended loosely by the greater and lesser omentum |
| LDA: | left displaced abomasum, moves to the left side; abomasum still able to empty partially, non-emergency situation |
| RDA: | right displaced abomasum, moves to right side; starts to similar LDA but after dilation, abomasum rotates, can lead to volvulus and circulatory impairment, can displace omasum, liver, and reticulum as well; emergency situation |
| abomasal volvulus: | displaced to right and lateral to liver, can develop from RDA |
| common etiology to all 3 conditions: | decreased abomasal emptying or delayed emptying, hypocalcemia/hypokalemia, concurrent disease, periparturient changes in abdominal organ positions, genetics, ingestion of high-concentrate, low-forage diets |
| pathogenesis: | abomasum fills abnormally with gas due to hypermobility, ketosis often occurs secondary in many cases; |
| clinical signs of DA: | anorexia, hypogalactia/agalactia, LDA/RDA are usually normal, ketonuria/ketosis, scant manure, 'ping' on abdominal palpation/percussion |
| diagnosis via clinical signs: | recent parturition, can confirm with ultrasound, can sometimes palpate rectally |
| treatment of LDA: | medically or surgically; spasmolytics and analgesics, rolling cow 180 degrees from R lateral recumbency, disadvantage is high likelihood of recurrence |
| treatment of RDA/volvulus: | requires surgery; open (through incision), closed (through the skin, toggle pin), both require pexy to prevent recurrence |
| outcomes of DA treatment: | simple LDA/RDA survival rate is 95%, abomasal volvulus usually around 70% |
| abomasopexy: | done in dorsal recumbency; abomasum in found, decompressed, and repositioned, sutured to ventral abdomen |
| omentopexy: | done standing on lateral wall of abdomen; gas is relieved and omentum sutured to R abdominal wall |
| prevention of DA: | increase roughage around parturition, promptly treat underlying diseases |
| traumatic reticuloperitonitis: | 'hardware disease'; inflammation of the wall of the reticulum; usually due to perforation by an ingested sharp object, can cause leakage of ingesta and secondary peritonitis |
| clinical signs of TR: | decrease in milk pproduction/appetite, abdominal pain, ultrasound or radiographs can confirm presence of foreign material |
| treatment of TR: | rumen magnet, broad spectrum of antibiotics, NSAIDS, rumenotomy if magnet fails |
| complications of TR: | pericarditis |
Created by:
mkroon26
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