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Avian disease
Avian Disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What organism causes Pullorum disease | Salmonella pullorum. |
| What are the host species of S. Pullorum | Poultry. |
| How is S.pullorum transmitted to chicks | Vertical transmission, infected egg. |
| How is S.pullorum transmitted to adults | Horizontal,feces & excret organism via lung contaminat enviro. |
| Chickens that are born with the disease and survive remain as carriers | True. |
| What signs of S. pullorum are seen in the hatchery | Piped chickens in the incubator, low hatchability. |
| What are some of the definitive clinical signs of S.pullorum infection of chicks | Incordination,staggering, resp stress,incr thirst,huddling,accum of white chalky excreta around vent,swollen hock jt,blindness. |
| What signs are seen in infected adults | None-unless severe:depression,fever w/ intermit diarrhea. |
| In adult infection mortality is | Low. |
| Infected chicks can show omphalitis and what lesions in the kidney | Congested with white chalky urates. |
| What is the appearance of the chick liver | Enlarged, swollen, pinpoint necrotic foci. |
| What classic lesion of S.pullorun is seen in adult birds | Mis-shapen, pedunculated overaies. |
| In acute S. pullorum infection, which organ is preferred to isolate the organism | Liver. |
| In chronic infection, the organism can usually be isolated from which organ | Ovary. |
| What drug treatment is used for S. pollurum infection | Antibiotics and sulfa. |
| What test is used for confirming S. pullorum | RBPT (rapid blood plate test). |
| How would you prevent S. pullorum | Develop flock from pullorum free birds (RBPT, eliminate carriers), incubator and hatchery hygiene, management practices. |
| Is the S. pullorum organism motile or non-motile | Non-motile. |
| Salmonella gallinarum infection is also called what | Fowl typhoid. |
| Is S. gallinarum motile or non-motile | Motile. |
| In terms of production loss,fowl typhoid losses begin at hatching & unlike Pullorum,cont through | Laying |
| Which organ is preferred for isolating the organism | Ovary. |
| Abscesses in lung from S.gallinarum may be confused w/ what organism | Aspergillus or other fungus. |
| Paratyphoid infection is the name given to an infection by which organism | Salmonella other than pullorum or gallinarum(enteriditis). |
| Why is parartyphoid a concern | Economic importance, public health problem. |
| Is S. enteriditis motile or non-motile | Motile. |
| In the bird, where does paratyphoid localize | Intestines and gall bladder. |
| How does humans become infected with paratyphoid | Consuming eggs, poultry meat. |
| Describe the appearance of a paratyphoid infected bird | Stand with head lowered, eyes closed, wings drooping, feathers ruffled, pasted vent. |
| Infected adults are chronic carriers and show what signs | None. |
| An acute infection can cause what lesions | Necrotic enteritis, pericarditis, peritonitis. |
| Isolation of the paratyphoid organism should be from where in the hatchling/Adult | Egg shell, viscera. |
| What test is used to help indentify the organism | Tube agglutination test. |
| How do you eliminate the carriers of infection from the flock | Impossible to do. |
| What organism is used to prevent paratyphoid infection | Non-pathogenic ecoli. |
| Arizonosis is a disease affecting which birds | Turkey poults. |
| In the bird, where is the organism localized | GI tract. |
| Is arizonae motile or non-motile | Motile. |
| What are the classical clinical signs of Arizonosis | Sitting on hock, twisting of neck, huddle under heat source, blindness, nervous signs. |
| What is the mortality of arizonosis | 50%, can continue for 3-4 weeks. |
| Lesions from arizonosis are similar to those caused by Paratyphoid what other lesions can be seen | Micro-necrosed live, caseous exudates in the abdominal cavity and eye, distended heart, meningitis. |
| What is the mortality rate of arizonosis | High with nervous signs and blindness |
| Deferential diagnoses between arizonosis and what diseases needs to be made for the nervous signs seen, and the blindness | Nervous: NCD,Blindness: aspergillosis |
| In chickens, Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes what type of condition | Chronic respiratory disease |
| What disease does M gallisepticum cause in turkeys | Infectious sinusitis |
| How does vertical transmission of the organism occur | Egg gets infected passing through the oviduct |
| How else does transmission occur | Direct contact, spreads by airborne dust a or droplets from carriers |
| When does the disease tend to develop in chickens | At the onset of egg production |
| What clinical signs are seen | Tracheal rales, nasal discharge, coughing |
| What classic sign is seen in turkey with M gallisepticum | Inflammation of infraorbital sinuses, swelling of head |
| What type of exudates can be found in the nasal and pranasal passages | Catarrhal |
| What type of lesion is seen in a case of uncomplicated chronic respiratory disease | Air sac membranes show pinpoint grayisj beads (lymphofollicular aggregates) |
| Complicated chronic respiratory disease is M. gallisepticum combined with what other organism | E. coli |
| What us the appearance of the air sacs in complicated CRD | Contain caseous pus and have lesions of fibrinous/fibropurulent pericarditis and periheptitis. |
| What steps can be taken to prevent M gallisepticum outbreaks | Immunization, medicate breeders, egg dipping in antibiotics, management procedures |
| Mycoplasma meleagridis affects which species | Turkeys |
| What is a classic clinical sign of M meleagridis seen in a 1 day old chick | Air sacculitis |
| By how much is the egg production and fertility reduced with an infection of M meleagridis | Not affected |
| What orthopedic sign can be seen with this type of infection | Twisting and shortening of tarsometatarus bones |
| How can M meleagridis be treated | Antibiotics, Tylosin is best |
| How do most turkey hens become affected | Contaminated semen |
| What organism will cause the hock joint and footpads of turkeys an chicken to be swollen, but the birds remain active | Mycoplasma synoviae |
| What other clinical signs do the birds exhibit | Pale comb, lameness, ruffled feathers, retarded growth, anemia, caseous exudates from skull along neck to air sacs |
| What clinical sign can be seen if M synoviae is complicated by another organism like NCD | Air sacculitis |
| A D/D between M synoviae and viral arthritis would have to be made in which species | Chicken,viral arthritis infects only chickens |
| Why is E coli a concern | Major economic loss to the poultry industry |
| Where is the e coli organism localized in the chicken | GI tract, shed in feces |
| How does horizontal transmission occur | Contaminated environment, infects other though respiratory route |
| Vertical transmission can lead to mortality at which stage of development | Late incubation |
| Colisepticemia (acute septicemia infection) occurs more in which species | Turkeys |
| What is the mortality rate of colisepticemia | High more than 20% |
| What lesions are seen with colisepticemia | Swollen liver with small pin point necrotic foci |
| A second type of colisepticemia can be seen that has a respiratory origin and shows what type of lesions | Air sacculitis, air sacs with caseous exudates, liver dark and swollen |
| An E coli infection can also induce what other lesion | Salpingitis and peritonitis, panophthalmitis, synovitis, coli granuloma, pericariditis and myocarditis, swollen head syndroms, avian cellulitis, coli septicemia in ducks |
| How can E coli infections be minimized | Avoid overcrowding,good ventilation,disinfect house & equip. |
| Fowl cholera is an infection by which organism | Pasturella multocida |
| Which species is more susceptible, turkeys or chickens | Turkeys |
| Form what other species can P. multocida be spread | Pigs |
| In acute cases, birds can die how soon | Within 2 days w/o signs |
| What signs does a subacute infection of P. multocida show | Anorexia, drowsiness, fever, diarrhea, cyanosis, watery discharge from mouth. |
| In chronic infection, where does exudate localize | Localized in tissue of the wattles, sinuses, leg/wing joints, ear canals, footpads and sternum. |
| A classic sign of acute and subacute fowl cholera infection is vascular disturbances resulting in what lesion | Petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on sub-epicardial serosa |
| What clinical sign is pathomnonic for P multocida infection | Unilateral pneumonia |
| Blood & tissue smears stained with Giemsa would show a bacteria w/ what type of morphology | Bipolar |
| How can fowl cholera be prevented | It’s not a disease of the hatchery & can be prevented by good management practices |
| Which poultry infective organism from broilers is a serious emerging zoonosis | Campylobacter |
| Campylobacter is a major source of what disease condition in humans | Gastroenteritis |
| What clinical signs are seen in infected broilers | None |
| In layers, what clinical signs are seen | Disease runs a chronic course, birds become weak, anemic, low mortality but low production,distention of intestines w/ watery,mucus content. |
| Prevention of campylobacter is dependent on what | Hygienic measures |
| What other disease in humans can campylobacter cause | Gullain-Barr syndrome, Fisher’s Syndrome, Reiter’s syndrome. |
| Bradyspira hyodysenteriae causes severe disease in which species | Rheas |
| How does transmission occur | Fecal-oral route |
| What clinical signs care seen | Watery diarrhea and die w/o clinical signs |
| What is the mortality for this avian intestinal spirochetosis | 25-80% |
| What classical lesion is seen | Necrotic typhlitis in cecum |
| How is Bradyspira hyodysentariae treated | Idizols |
| C. botulinum outbreaks are seen most in which species | Waterfowl |
| Botulism is also called what other name | Limberneck, western duck sickness |
| How is botulism transmitted | Toxins are produced in mud,decaying vegetation & anaerobic matter such as feed,& from eating toxin-containing carcass. |
| What are the classic clinical signs seen | Weakness,incoordination of wing/neck due to paralysis of muscles. |
| What do the birds die from | Coma from respiratory failure |
| How can the presence of toxin be diagnosed | Injection into mice |
| What is the treatment for botulism | Anti toxin |
| Which species is the natural host for avibacterium paragallinarum | Chicken |
| What is another term for avibacterium paragallinarum | Infectious coryza |
| Transmission of the disease is airborne and occurs more in what type of conditions | Cool and wet |
| What clinical signs are seen in cases of infectious coryza | Swelling of infraorbital sinuses, closing of eyes, respiratory rales (advanced cases) foul odor in flock. |
| From where do you collect exudates to test for isolation of the bacteria | Infraorbital sinus |
| Mycobacterium avium has how many subspecies | Four |
| M avium causes disease in poultry & serious disease in which species | Pigs,rabbits,immcomped humans. |
| What classic clinical signs are seen in M avium infection | Atrophy of muscles, knife edge appearance of breast bone, paralysis w/ bone lesions. |
| In which organs are gray-yellow nodules with caseous foci seen | Liver, spleen , intestine, marrow |
| What would you expect to see in blood smears | Acid fast bacilli |
| How can infections of M avium be prevented | Don’t keep swine and poultry together |
| Mycobacteria genavense primarily affects which species | Psittacines and passerines |
| Which mycobacteria species is an issue in zoos | M tuberculosis |
| The virulent strain of avian chlamydiosis affects which species | Turkeys, humans |
| The low virulent strain affects which species | Pigeons, ducks |
| How do pigeons infect their young | During feeding |
| What clinical signs are seen in infected turkeys | Fever, yellow-green droppings |
| Lesions are seen where in chlamydiosis | Lung, liver, spleen and serous membranes with exudates |
| What is the treatment for avian chlamydiosis | Tetracycline in feed/ water for 2 weeks,repeat in pigeons. |
| Is avian chlamydiosis reportable | Yes |
| Mushy chick and navel ill are names for what disease condition | Omphalitis |
| Which organisms cause omphalitis | Salmonella,ecoli,S fecalis,s aureus,clostridia,pseudomonas,proteus. |
| Which species is the host for omphalitis | Chicken |
| What are the clinical signs of omphalitis | Inflammation of yolk sac, infected navel,distended abdomen. |
| Describe the yolk sac appearance in omphalitis | Greenish and watery. |
| How is omphalitis treated | Indentify the cause and remove it. |
Created by:
alljacks
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