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CA Chap 1,3,4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anthropology | study of human behavior |
| four types of anthropology | cultural, linguistic, biological, archaeology |
| applied anthropology | another area of specialization focusing on solving practical problems in collaboration between different organizations |
| what do cultural anthropologists study? | similarities and differences between living societies and cultural groups |
| culture | a set of beliefs, practices, and symbols that are learned and shared; form a whole that binds people together and shapes their worldview |
| enculturation | learning to be a member of society by learning from those around us; how kids learn to grow up |
| characteristics of culture | humans can learn culture directly or indirectly culture changes from internal or external factors humans can conform to or change culture culture is symbolic culture distinguishes us from other animals biology and culture are interrelated |
| Age of Discovery (1400-1700) | period where European adventurers began colonizing the world, learning cultures of new people |
| ethnocentrism | the belief that one's own culture is better than others' |
| participant-observation | most important kind of fieldwork; immersive, long term research where the anthropologist becomes part of the society they research |
| biological anthropology | study of human origins, evolution, and variation |
| some focuses of biological anthropology | apes, human hominin, genes |
| archaeology | study of material past |
| linguistic anthropology | study of human communication and how language is developed in a society |
| holism | learning how different aspects of anthropology impact each other by looking at the whole picture |
| what is the modern guiding philosophy of anthropology? | cultural relativism |
| ethnography | fieldwork of an anthropologist done in direct contact with the society they are working with |
| cultural relativism | the idea that we should seek to understand another person's beliefs from their perspective rather than our own |
| contested identity | conflicting ideas within a group of their own identity, including nationality, hierarchical structures, etc |
| cultural determinism | idea that one's cultural upbringing and social environment determines behavior rather than biology |
| emic perspectives | show how people inside a culture categorize their own beliefs, traditions, and events |
| etic perspectives | explained by the anthro (outside observer) in a way that is meaningful to them |
| do anthropologists use emic or etic? | both |
| armchair anthropology | using others' travel accounts to come to a conclusion about smaller cultures; older form of anthropology |
| why is armchair anthropology damaging? | extremely misleading because of the biases of their sources; fetishized or demonized smaller cultures |
| who invented participant observation? | Malinowski |
| multi-sited ethnography | conducting research of migration/diaspora groups by going to multiple sites to conduct research |
| what is the newest focus of anthropology | the internet and digital age (social media, internet, call/text) |
| inductive | anthro approach researching all broad parts of a group |
| deductive | anthro approach approaching the research of the group with a question or hypothesis |
| qualitative research | aims to comprehensively describe human behavior and its contexts |
| quantitative research | seeks patterns in numerical data that can explain human behavior |
| is cultural relativism always possible? | no; some cultural practices are human rights violations and that should be villified |
| methods of fieldwork | participant observation conversations and interviews life histories genealogies key informants fieldnotes |
| what's important to establish during interviews? | rapport |
| life histories | provide context in which culture is experienced and created |
| key informant | person in a culture that has more knowledge on cultural practices and the reasoning behind them |
| anthropological code of ethics | do no harm obtain informed consent maintain anonymity and privacy make results accessible |
| informed consent | informant's agreement to take place in the study, understanding the purpose and any possible risks |
| polyvocality | including more than one person's voice in an anthropological study to provide fuller context |
| reflexivity | anthropologists inserting themselves and their experiences into their work for comparison |
| can anthropological studies be completely objective? | no |
| what is a culture's most important asset? | language |
| symbol | anything that refers to something else, but has a meaning that cannot be guessed because there is no obvious connection |
| larynx | voice box, placed in the front of the throat in humans |
| pharynx | throat cavity that resonates and amplifies speech |
| palate | roof of the mouth that enables humans to make a wider range of sounds |
| how does a human make speech? | 1. air exhales from the lungs through the larynx 2. air turned into speech through vibrations in the larynx's vocal folds 3. resonated through the pharynx 4. shaped in the palate 5. pushed out of the mouth |
| all languages show properties of _________ __________ developed by Chomsky | Universal Grammar |
| Critical Age Range Hypothesis | children are innately able to learn and understand different languages as they grow up by imitating; if they are not around someone who speaks it, they will lose the ability to speak it |
| when does the critical age range end? | puberty |
| closed system of communication | new languages and sounds cannot develop |
| open system of communication | new languages, words, and sounds can develop |
| do humans use open or closed system? | open system |
| gesture-call system | shown in apes; varying combination of communication like speech, touch, gesture, facial expressions |
| kinesics | all forms of human body language including gestures, body position, facial expressions, eye contact |
| proxemics | social study of space, specifically distance people keep for themselves |
| paralanguage | characteristics of speech beyond the spoken word; pitch, tempo, etc |
| phoneme | minimal unit of sound that can make a difference if a meaning is substituted for another sound or word that is identical |
| phonology | study of phonemes |
| lexicon | vocabulary of a language |
| morpheme | minimal unit of meaning in a language |
| morphology | study of how new words are created |
| semantics | study of meaning of words |
| pragmatics | studies social and cultural aspects of our language |
| factors influencing the development of dialects | settlement patterns migration routes geographical factors language contact region and occupation social class group reference linguistic processes |
| group reference | people have different dialects or way of speaking depending on the group they are socializing in at the time; can have multiple |
| how is a standard language chosen? | put in place by the people in power, whatever dialect they speak |
| vernaculars | non-standard varieties of English |
| code-switching | use of several vernaculars in a particular interaction |
| who are the fathers of linguistic anthropology? | Sapir and Whorf |
| ethnicity | group of people who identify with each other based on combination of shared cultural heritage |
| pidgin | simplified language form |
| creole | simplified language form used widely enough that children can adopt it as their first language |
| taxonomies | sets of languages grouped together based on similar characteristics and words |
| globalization | spread of people and their culture |
Created by:
trinmal
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