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11 AGS Unit 1 - PS
11 AGS Unit 1 - Plant Science Terms 1 and 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| identify the different types of agricultural and horticultural production plants | grasses, legumes, fibre crops, fruit, nuts, vegetables and ornamentals |
| describe Grasses | Monocotyledon flowering plants used for forage includes wheat, barley and sorghum |
| describe legumes | A plant grown agriculturally primarily for their grain seed, for livestock forage and sileage. Have a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that take Nitrogen from the atmosphere and make it available to the plant. (Can reduce fertiliser use) |
| describe fibre crops | Grown for fibre which is traditionally used to make paper, cloth or rope e.g. Cotton, hemp or jute |
| describe fruit | Seed bearing structure in flowering plants e.g. mango, avocado, tomato |
| describe nuts | A fruit composed of an inedible hard shell and a seed, which is generally edible e.g. almond, macadamia |
| describe vegetables | Plant or part of a plant consumed as part of a meal e.g. carrot, celery |
| describe ornamentals | Plants grown for decorative purposes e.g. carnations or roses |
| describe the function of the plant root | Anchor the plant in the soil Absorb water and dissolved mineral nutrients from the soil and supply the stem, leaves and reproductive system Store food made by the leaves |
| describe the function of the plant stem | Holds leaves and flowers up in the air - flowers need to be in air for pollination and leaves for photosynthesis Transports materials (transpiration in the Xylem, translocation in the phloem), stores food (e.g. celery) |
| describe the function of the plant leaf | Carry out photosynthesis (the process of trapping sunlight and using it to combine carbon dioxide and water to form oxygen and glucose) |
| describe the function of the plant fruit | Seed bearing structure in flowering plants formed from the ovary after flowering |
| describe the function of the plant seed | Houses small plant or embryo Designed for survival and reproduction of plants Size and shape assists with dispersal of seed |
| define monocotyledons | A class of flowering plant with one cotyledon eg grasses, wheat, sorghum, palms and bananas |
| define dicotyledons | One of two classes of flowering plants, a plant with two cotyledons (eg clover, canola) |
| describe some characteristics of a monocotyledon | One cotyledon, floral parts in multiples of three, parallel veins in leaf, vascular bundles scattered around the stem, fibrous and shallow roots, leaves joined to stem via a sheath |
| describe some characteristics of a dicotyledon | Two cotyledons, floral parts in multiples of four or five, networked veins in leaf, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, deep taproot with secondary roots, leaf joined to stem via a petiole |
| describe a vascular bundle | an arrangement of the xylem, phloem and cambium layer in the stem of the plant |
| define species | the basic unit of biological classification - division of a genus, a group of living things that can interbreed (although this isn't always the case in plants). |
| define variety | a type of organism, especially a cultivated plant Classified below species |
| define cultivar | a variety of plant that has been developed under cultivation and does not occur naturally in the wild, but is a distinct subspecies |
| describe hybrid plant breeding (also known as hybridisation) | Two plants that are pure bred lines (but can sexually mate with each other) (P1), this creates a F1 generations (the hybrids). These hybrids are then mated over several generations until a pure line (inbreds) are developed (6 to 10 generations) |
| describe some differences between conventional plant breeding and genetic engineering. | Conventional breeding still relies on sexual reproduction whereas genetic engineering is artificial relocation of the genes. Conventional breeding takes many generations (time), genetic engineering can result in new varieties in a shorter time-frame. |
| recall three main differences between plant and animal cells | Plant cells have a cell wall (animal cells just have cell membrane) Vacuole is large and central in plant cells (animal cells have one or more smaller vacuoles) Plant cells have chloroplasts (animal cells do not!) |
| recall the function of the chloroplast | Used to produce energy from sunlight, due to presence of chlorophyll; site of photosynthesis |
| recall the function of the mitochondria | Site of Respiration; energy production for the cell |
| recall the function of the cell wall | Provides rigid protection for cell and made up of cellulose. Only in plant cells |
| recall the Hierarchical organisation of cells | cells are the basic building blocks, that group together to make tissues. Different tissue types can combine together to make organs. A variety of organs group together to make an organ system. |
| recall the four main tissue types in plants | vascular (food and water transport), meristematic (growth tissue), dermal tissue (protective outer layer) and ground tissue (all other tissue types) |
| describe the function of meristematic tissue | site of growth at the tips of roots and shoots (apical) and around the outside of stem (lateral) |
| describe the function of vascular tissue | transport tissue (collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells) Xylem - transpiration - transports water and nutrients Phloem - translocation - transports metabolic products The xylem and phloem are organised into vascular bundles |
| describe the function of dermal tissue | protects the soft tissues of plants and controls interactions with the plants' surroundings. E.g. epidermis of leaf (also known as parenchyma) |
| describe the function of ground tissue | tissue that isn’t either meristematic, vascular or dermal e.g. mesophyll tissue in the leaf (storage/photosynthesis) |
| describe where photosynthesis occurs | in the palisade mesophyll plant cells. These are in the upper surface of leaves (they have chloroplasts which contain the green pigment called chlorophyll). Chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the Sun, that enables plants to carry out photosynthesis. |
| describe the process of photosynthesis | the conversion of sunlight energy into chemical energy. carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen Leaves take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen through pores in the leaf (stoma). |
| describe the process of transpiration | the movement of water and nutrients from the plant roots, through the Xylem to the leaf of the plant. Water exits the leaf from the stomata (water loss from the plant). |
| describe the process of translocation | the movement of glucose and nutrients from the plant leaf, through the phloem, to the rest of the plant. |
| describe what occurs during ring barking of a dicotyledon | The translocation of glucose and nutrients from the plant leaf is disrupted because the phloem is cut. This prevents nutrients and energy from getting to the roots of the plant, so the roots die due to lack of energy. |
| recall the key parts of the leaf | Cuticle, Upper Epidermis, Palisade Mesophyll, Spongy Mesophyll, air spaces, vascular bundles, lower epidermis, stomata, guard cells. |
| recall the function of the leaf cuticle | Waxy protective layer found on the epidermis. Acts as a physical barrier and prevents drying out |
| recall the function of the spongy mesophyll | Irregular cells with many air spaces. These contain some chloroplasts. |
| recall the function of the upper epidermis | Protective outer layer of cells. No chloroplasts are found in this part |
| recall the function of the palisade mesophyll | Elongated cells containing most of the chloroplasts used for photosynthesis. |
| recall the function of the vascular bundle | Also know as the vein. This contains the xylem (water and minerals) and phloem (sugars) used in transport around the plant. |
| recall the function of the lower epidermis | Protective outer layer of cells. The lower layer contain the guard cells and stomata (pores). No chloroplasts are found in this part |
| recall the function of the stomata | to allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to leave the leaf. They often open in light and close in dark. They will also close when it is hot to prevent too much water loss from the plant during transpiration. |
| recall the factors that affect photosynthesis | Temperature Carbon Dioxide Concentration Light Intensity Water and Nutrient Availability |
| describe how light affects photosynthesis | As the light intensity increases then the rate of photosynthesis increases. At high light intensities the rate becomes constant, even with further increases in light intensity there are no increases in the rate. |
| describe how temperature affects photosynthesis | Photosynthesis increases with an increase in temperature. Photosynthesis is a biological reaction and requires the presence of enzymes. After the optimum temperature these enzymes become destroyed therefore effecting the reaction. |
| describe how carbon dioxide affects photosynthesis | As the concentration of the carbon dioxide increases the rate of reaction increases. Flower and horticulture farmers often add carbon dioxide to the greenhouses and shade houses. |
| describe the process of respiration | Respiration is the process where sugar is metabolised to provide energy for other cellular processes in the mitochondria O2 + C6H12O6 to Energy (ATP) + CO2 + H20 |
| describe the net assimilation rate (NAR) | The difference between the photosynthesis and respiration rates represents the total amount of carbohydrate produced in a 24 hour period (Net Assimilation Rate) |
| recall some examples of how farmers can manipulate photosynthesis | Greenhouses capitalise on the increase in temperature to enhance photosynthesis Carbon dioxide is pumped into greenhouses to increase yield in tomatoes Genes added to plants from an algae which concentrate carbon dioxide at the site of photosynthesis |
| recall the function of the xylem | Tissue responsible for transpiration - carrying water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves. It is located near the center of the stem. |
| recall the function of the phloem | Tissue responsible for translocation - carrying food produced in the leaf to the rest of the plant. The phloem is usually located near the outside of the stem. |
| recall the function of the cambium layer in the vascular bundles | Tissue responsible for the production of new xylum and phloem. It is found between the xylem and phloem in the vascular bundle |
| recall some examples of asexual reproduction in plants | Natural (runners, rhizomes and tubers) or artificial (cuttings, grafting, tissue culture) to produce an offspring genetically identical to the parent plant. |
| outline the purpose of sexual reproduction in plants | Formation of offspring through the fusion of sex cells (gametes). This requires the joining of pollen and ova. |
| describe the process of sexual reproduction in plants | Pollen transfers from the anther to the stigma by a vector (wind bees). Pollen tube grows down style to ovary. Tube enters micropyle (opening in ovule) and nucleus from a cell in the pollen grain moves down pollen tube to fuse with ova. |
| describe fruit formation after sexual reproduction | After fertilization the stamen, petals and sepals fall away. The Ovules develop into seeds The ovary develops into the fruit. In true fruits the ovary becomes well developed eg. Flesh of an orange or the shell of a nut. |
| identify and describe the range of factors that influence plant growth and development | nutrition, genetics, climate and weather, disease and management practices |
| compare and discuss the stages of development in plants | germination, vegetative and reproductive growth stages |
| define germination | the process by which a plant grows from a seed; the most common example of germination is the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm |
| define emergence | when a plant emerges from the soil and photosynthesis begins – it is no long dependent on the seed reserves for energy |
| define vegetative growth in plants | growth of ‘vegetation’ in the plant. This occurs in the order of root growth, leaf growth, internodal elongation. The number of leaves is often used to determine the stage of the plant. |
| define the reproductive stage of growth in plants | development of flowers, fruits and seeds |
| define the maturity stage of growth in plants | When the grain has achieved its maximum dry weight. For example, in sorghum physiological maturity is recognized by a dark spot or black layer on the bottom of the kernel. Many vegetable plants state a ‘days to maturity’ on the packet. |
| define senescence in plants | loss of leaves and death of the plant |
| explain the difference between a summer and winter crop | summer crops (e.g. sorghum and corn/maize) are planted in late winter/early spring, grow over summer and are harvested in late summer/autumn Winter crops (e.g. barley, wheat) are planted in autumn, grow over winter and are harvested in spring/summer |
| describe some of the functions of plant hormones | Formation/growth of flowers, stems, roots and leaves The shedding of leaves Development and ripening of fruit Seed growth Time of flowering Direction of shoot, root movement |
| describe the function of auxins | Promote rooting Leaf and fruit retention Directional growth - At very high concentrations auxin can inhibit this growth. |
| describe some of the commercial application of auxins | Selective weed killer, which causes increased growth; ultimately, the plant grows so quickly that it cannot support itself and so dies. Rooting powders work by stimulating cut shoots to produce roots. |
| describe the function of gibberellins | Increase internode spacing Induce and promote flowering in many plants Modify the flower sex expression in some plants |
| describe some of the commercial application of gibberellins | break dormancy, to speed up flowering and fruiting, and to stimulate the production of seedless fruits in the absence of pollination. |
| describe the function of abscisic acid | Seed dormancy and inhibits early germination. Induces stomatal closure, decreasing transpiration to prevent water loss. Inhibits fruit ripening. |
| describe some of the commercial application of abscisic acid | aids drought tolerance. Promotes seed dormancy |
| describe the function of cytokinin | Promotes rapid cell division and differentiation. Auxin without cytokinin allows cells to grow large but not divide. |
| describe some of the commercial application of cytokinin | used by farmers to increase the yield of a crop. cytokinins such as Dropp stimulate a massive increase in ethylene synthesis and thus act as a defoliant. |
| describe the function of ethylene | Naturally occurring gas that acts to ripen fruit Inhibits stem and root growth |
| describe some of the commercial application of ethylene | Commercial applications are to apply it to fruit such as bananas and mango to cause ripening after purchase. |
| define tropism | the response of an organism to an external stimulus that causes the organism to respond in a particular manner |
| define phototropism | the orientation of a plant or other organism in response to light, either towards the source of light (positive phototropism) or away from it (negative phototropism) |
| define geotropism | the growth of the parts of plants in response to the force of gravity |
| define thigmotropism | the turning or bending of a plant or other organism in response to a touch stimulus |
| define hydrotropism | the growth or turning of plant roots and rhizomes towards or away from moisture (Hydrotropism is stronger than Geotropism) |
| identify the major nutrients that are required for plants to achieve optimum growth and development | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur |
| identify the minor nutrients that are required for plants to achieve optimum growth and development | boron, iron, molybdenum, zinc, copper, chlorine, cobalt and manganese |
| describe how deficiencies or toxicities can cause changes in plant growth and development | Deficiencies are a lack of nutrients, toxicity is when there is too much of a certain nutrient. Deficiency symptoms include burning, chlorosis, mottling and necrosis or stunted growth |
| understand the difference between major and minor nutrients required by a plant | major nutrients are needed in larger amounts than the minor nutrients (or Trace Elements). A shortage or absence of these can severely restrict the plant. The availability may be due to a physical absence or due to pH. |
| recall von Liebig's law of the minimum | if one crop nutrient is missing or deficient, plant growth will be poor, even if the other elements are abundant. |
| recall the function of nitrogen in the plant | Promotes growth of leaves and stems. Gives dark green colour and improves quality of foliage. Necessary to develop cell proteins and chlorophyll. |
| recall the function of phosphorus in the plant | Stimulates early formation & growth of plants. Provides for fast & vigorous growth and speeds maturity. Stimulates flowering & seed development. |
| recall the function of potassium in the plant | Used to form carbohydrates & proteins. Formation and transfer of starches, sugars, & oils. Increases disease resistance, vigour, & hardiness. |
| Describe a complete vs incomplete fertiliser | Complete fertilisers contain all three of NPK (e.g. 10:10:10) whereas incomplete fertilisers may only contain certain nutrients. E.g. DAP |
| Recall the formula for fertiliser application rates | (Amount of Nutrient Required (kg/ha))/Amount of nutrient in fertiliser) x 100 |
| describe the differences between organic and inorganic fertilisers | Organic are animal or plant-based fertilisers. They can be more unreliable as a nutrient source. Inorganic fertilisers (also known as synthetic fertilisers) are man-made and can be considered more consistent and are often cheaper than organic fertilisers. |
| Recall some examples of how to apply fertiliser | banding, side dressing, top dressing, broadcasting, fertigation |
Created by:
DrLeeAGS
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