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The authority to make a decision between two or more choices.
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Required behaviors or actions, that is, the responsibilities that are attached to a specific role.
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2023 Chapter 1+2+3
2023 Chapter 1+2+3 Ethics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The authority to make a decision between two or more choices. | discretion |
| Required behaviors or actions, that is, the responsibilities that are attached to a specific role. | duties |
| Situations in which it is difficult for an individual to make a decision, either because the right course of action is not clear or because the right course of action carries some negative consequences. | ethical dilemmas |
| Difficult social or policy questions that include controversy over the right thing to do. | Ethical Issues |
| The discipline of determining good and evil and defining moral duties. | ethics |
| Moral duties that are not fully explicated or detailed. | imperfect duties |
| Principles of right and wrong. | morals |
| Actions that are commendable but not required in order for a person to be considered moral. | superogatories |
| Judgments of desirability, worth, or importance. | values |
| John is charged, upon hearing the psychologist’s report and reviewing the defendant’s history of mental illness, the judge dismisses the criminal charges. The judge has determined that John is not to be held responsible because he lacks? | free will |
| An officer comes across a man and woman kissing and tells them that they need to move along. Later, he comes across two men in a car. Officer Smith writes a citation. By allowing his personal views to result in unequal treatment, he is in violation of? | profession ethics |
| Employing ethical principles to address specific issues such as social research or medical practice is called? | applied ethics |
| According to the text, humans are uniquely capable of behaving morally because of our capacity for? | reason |
| While duties are what you are expected to do, ______________ are commendable but not required actions. | superogatories |
| The term ethics is referred as: | the study and analysis of what constitutes good or bad conduct. |
| Which of the following statements about values is false? | The value of survival is unique to Western ethical systems. |
| The term _____________ refers to what is judged as good conduct. | morality |
| Which of the following statements is false according to values? | Values can be defined as duties that are not fully explicated or detailed. |
| Larry’s house has caught fire. Two firefighters and one of the neighbors entered the house. Another neighbor tore away the screening around Larry’s porch so that his dog could run to safety. The firefighters who tried to save Larry were performing a? | duty |
| According to the text, which of the following represents the first step in the process of ethical analysis? | Determining if there is any relevant law |
| An on-duty lifeguard who runs into the ocean to rescue a drowning child, risking his or her own life to do so, has performed a? | professional duty |
| If personal qualities such as honesty or kindness are important to you, these traits would be? | values |
| Which of the following is not an example of an ethical issue as defined in the text? | How to punish one’s teenage child for skipping school |
| ______ ethics determines what people ought to do and defines moral duties based on ethical systems or other means of analysis. | Normative |
| According to the text, the first step necessary to clarify any dilemma is to? | review all the facts |
| All of the following statements are included in dilemmas of criminal justice professionals EXCEPT: | requiring mandatory DNA collection for all misdemeanant arrestees. |
| The discipline investigating the meaning of ethical systems and whether they are relative or are universal is known as? | meta-ethics |
| A house has caught fire. Two firefighters and one of the neighbors entered the house. Another neighbor tore away the screening around Larry’s porch so that his dog could run to safety. Now faced, he chose to act. In this example, heroism is an example of? | imperfect duty |
| Required behaviors or actions that the responsibilities are attached to a specific role are known as | duties. |
| The use of facts and objective reasoning to most effectively reach a decision or understand a problem is known as? | critical thinking |
| We usually discuss moral or immoral behavior only in cases in which the behavior significantly | affects another person or persons |
| Which of the following might not be included in the discussion regarding the ethics of defense attorneys? | Whether to take gratuities |
| utilitarian justice | The type of justice that looks to the greatest good for all as the end. |
| hedonistic calculus | Jeremy Bentham’s rationale for calculating the potential rewards of a crime so that the amount of threatened pain could be set to deter people from committing that crime. |
| due process | Constitutionally mandated procedural steps designed to eliminate error in any governmental deprivation of protected liberty, life, or property. |
| innocence project | An organization (www.innocenceproject.org) staffed by lawyers and students who reexamine cases and provide legal assistance to convicts when there is a probability that serious errors occurred in their prosecution. |
| confirmatory bias | Fixating on a preconceived notion and ignoring other possibilities, such as focusing on a specific suspect during a police investigation. |
| restorative justice | An approach to corrective justice that focuses on meeting the needs of all concerned. |
| civil disobedience | Voluntarily breaking established laws based on one’s moral beliefs. |
| veil of ignorance | Rawls’ idea that people will develop fair principles of distribution only if they are ignorant of their position in society, so to get objective judgments, the decision maker must not know how the decision would affect him or her. |
| substantive justice | Concerns just deserts—in other words, the appropriate amount of punishment for a crime |
| procedural justice | The component of justice that concerns the steps taken to reach a determination of guilt, punishment, or other conclusion of law. |
| retributive justice | The component of justice that concerns the determination and methods of punishment. |
| sanctuary | Ancient right based on church power; allowed a person respite from punishment if he or she was within the confines of church grounds. |
| fairness | The condition of being impartial, the allocation of equal shares or equal opportunities. |
| equality | The same value, rights, or treatment between all in a specific group. |
| impartiality | Not favoring one party or interest more than another. |
| justice | The quality of being impartial, fair, and just; derived from the Latin justitia, concerning rules or law. |
| distributive justice | Concerns what measurement should be used to allocate society’s resources. |
| corrective justice | Concerns when unfair advantage or unjust enrichment occurs (either through contract disputes or criminal action) and what the appropriate remedy might be to right the wrong. |
| ethical system | A structured set of principles that defines what is moral. |
| egoism | The ethical system that defines the pursuit of self-interest as a moral good. |
| utilitarianism | The ethical system that claims that the greatest good is that which results in the greatest happiness for the greatest number; major proponents are Bentham and Mill. |
| situational ethics | The philosophical position that although there are a few universal truths, different situations call for different responses; therefore, some action can be right or wrong depending on situational factors. |
| imperative principle | The concept that all decisions should be made according to absolute rules. |
| utilitarian principle | The principle that all decisions should be made according to what is best for the greatest number. |
| generalization principle | The principle that all decisions should be made assuming that the decision would be applied to everyone else in similar circumstances. |
| Which of the following is not a theme of justice as proposed in the text? | Punishment |
| The concept of justice is most closely related to: | ethical formalism. |
| What may be distributed in distributive justice? | Money |
| Which of the following theories give need the most weight? | Marxist |
| Which theory of distributive justice specifically emphasizes entitlement over need? | Libertarian |
| Egalitarian theories begin with the premise | of equal shares for all. |
| The concept of “just deserts” is a primary concern of | utilitarian theory. |
| The concept of __________ is primarily one of balance | retributive justice |
| What component of justice concerns itself with the steps taken to determine guilt? | Procedural justice |
| Procedural justice is evidenced most fully in: | our legal system. |
| Retributive justice is best described by what term? | Balance |
| According to Beccaria’s and Bentham’s utilitarian rationale, punishment should be based on: | the seriousness of the crime. |
| Deterrence is the central theme of what theory of corrective justice? | Utilitarian |
| Procedural protections that are part of due process include all of the following except: | right to restart proceedings. |
| ________ is an approach to corrective justice that focuses on meeting the needs of offenders as well as victims. | Restorative justice |
| The goals of community reparative boards include all the following except: | provide an opportunity for the community to enact changes in the law |
| The voluntary breaking of established laws based on one’s moral beliefs is called: | civil disobedience. |
| The public defender, presentation of charges, and the discovery process were all elements of ____________, which is guaranteed by the Constitution. | due process |
| These pretrial activities are part of the practice of: | procedural justice. |
| If her purpose was to rehabilitate Sam so that the community would benefit by removing his need to commit crimes, this would be consistent with the idea of: | utilitarianism |
| Assume that the judge sentenced Sam to a straight jail term. She believes simply that Sam has caused harm and should be punished for it. This sentence is consistent with the idea of: | retributive justice. |
| Sam will provide $500 worth of yard work and is responsible for getting the door repaired. This sentence is consistent with the idea of: | restorative justice |
| Utilitarianism is specifically aligned with: | the public good. |
| A structured set of principles that defines what is moral is referred to as: | an ethical system. |
| ___________ suggests that what is good for one’s survival and personal happiness is moral | Egoism |
| Terry vs Ohio | stop and frisk |
| Tennessee vs Garner | cant shoot a fleeing felon |
| Miranda vs Arizona | right to not self incriminate + right to attorney |
| Lady's name? | Judy Anderson |
| LA riots over the beating of a person? | Rodney King |
| LA riots over the shooting of a person in the back of the head? | Natasha Harlens |
| Mapp vs Ohio | Illegal search + seizure |
Created by:
laneamary05
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