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Toxic plants
causing neurological signs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aesculus spp. | Buckeyes, horsechestnuts |
| Aesculus toxic agent | glycosidic saponin |
| Aesculus animals affected | cattle, horses, sheep, swine, kids |
| Aesculus signs | GI effects, ataxia, weakness, hemolysis, depression, coma, death |
| Astragalus/Oxytropis spp. | locoweed |
| Astragalus/Oxytropis toxic agent | Swainsonine: an alkaloid |
| Astragalus/Oxytropis animals affected | HORSES > cattle > sheep > goats |
| Astragalus/Oxytropis signs | (late winter/early spring) progressive motor and sensory derangement, hyperexcitability in horses, depression in sheep. May disappear but reappear under stress - dangerous horses! |
| Astragalus/Oxytropis lesions | hyperemia throughout CNS, cytoplasmic vacuoles, accumulation of mannose |
| Brunfelsia spp. | Yesterday-Today-and-Tomorrow (wtf?) |
| Brunfelsia toxic agent | Brunfelsamidine and hopeanine |
| Brunfelsia animals affected | DOGS, some cattle |
| Brunfelsia signs | Hypersalivation, convulsions, diarrhea or constipation |
| Brunfelsia lesions | Edema and hyperemia of the terminal ileum |
| Centaurea solstitalis | Yellow star thistle |
| Centaurea toxic agent | unknown! Interruption of dopaminergic pathways? |
| Centaurea animals affected | Horses only! |
| Centaurea signs | acute onset hypertonicity of face muscles, chewing movements, head pressing, starvation |
| Centaurea lesions | necrosis of globus pallidus and substantia nigra (ENE) |
| Cicuta spp. | Spotted water hemlocks (sometimes mistaken for parsnip) |
| Cicuta toxic agent | Cicutoxin highest in root-stalk |
| Cicuta animals affected | warm blooded animals |
| Cicuta signs | Acute onset hypersalivation, tremors, violent convulsions, opithonus, mydriasis, paralysis |
| Claviceps spp. | Ergot |
| Claviceps toxic agent | lysergic acid derivatives, ergotamine, ergotoxine |
| Claviceps animals affected | CATTLE, some others |
| Claviceps signs | nervous and gangrene syndromes, trembling, ataxia, abortion |
| Conium maculatum | Posion hemlock |
| Conium toxic agent | piperidine alkaloid |
| Conium animals affected | ALL - mistaken for wild carrot |
| Conium signs | Rapid onset - nervousness, ataxia, mydriasis, bradycardia, hypothermia, coma |
| Cynodon dactylon | Coastal bermuda grass causing tremors (see also respiratory toxicity section) |
| Cycads | Sago palsm |
| Cycad animals affected | All |
| Cycad toxic agent | Cycasin - carcinogenic glycoside. Seeds most toxic |
| Cycad signs | hepatosis, anemia, depression, GI effects, ascites, nausea, coma, partial paralysis |
| Cycad lesions | hepatic hemorrhage & centrolobular necrosis, hemorrhagic enteritis, edema of gallbladder wall |
| Delphinium spp. | Larkspurs |
| Delphinium toxic agent | Delphinine and polycyclic diterpene alkaloids |
| Delphinium affected animals | CATTLE, horses, humans, sheep |
| Delphinium signs | sudden death, staggering, hypersalivation, twitching, tachycardia, repiratory paralysis, bloating |
| Helenium spp. | Sneezeweeds |
| Helenium toxic agent | Helenalin: sesquiterpene lactone |
| Helenium animals affected | SHEEP, cattle, goats, horses |
| Helenium signs | "spewing sickness" d/t H. hoopsii - weakness, GI effects, dyspnea, nasal discharge |
| Helenium lesions | GI edema, endocardial hemorrhage, hydrothorax |
| Hymenoxys spp. | Bitterweed |
| Hymenoxys toxic agent | hymenoxon (sesquiterpene lactone) |
| Hymenoxys animals affected | sheep, goats |
| Hymenoxys signs | anorexia, rumen stasis, bloating, regurgitation, colic, |
| Hymenoxys lesions | pulmonary congestion, heart hemorrhage |
| Ipomoea violacea | Morning glory |
| Ipomoea toxic agent | Lysergic acid amide, indole alkaloids |
| Ipomoea signs | hallucinations, repsiratory depression |
| Isocoma/Eupatorium spp. | Goldenrod/snakeroot |
| Isocoma/Eupatorium toxic agent | Tremetol or tremtone |
| Isocoma/Eupatorium animals affected | Isocoma: horses and cattle.Eupatorium: goats, esp Angora |
| Isocoma/Eupatorium signs | weakness in rear limbs, knuckling of fetlocks, convulsions, acetone breath. Cardiac problems in horses |
| Isocoma/Eupatorium lesions | congestion and fatty degeneration of liver (with centrilobular necrosis) and kidneys, also brain and spinal cord |
| Kallstroemia spp. | Caltrops |
| Kallstroemia toxic agent | unkown |
| Kallstroemia animals affected | Ruminants |
| Kallstroemia signs | same as Isocoma: weakness in rear limbs, knuckling of fetlocks |
| Kallstroemia lesions | congestion and hemorrhage in lungs, kidney, heart, GI. No CNS lesions |
| Karwinskia spp. | Coyotillo |
| Karwinskia toxic agent | Karwinol - polycyclic compound |
| Karwinskia animals affected | All: Goats > sheep > cattle |
| Karwinskia signs | unthriftiness, depression, trembling, ataxia, "limber leg" |
| Acacia toxic agent | unknown! maybe sympathomimetic amines |
| Acacia animals affected | sheep and goats but only in prolonged drought conditions |
| Acacia signs | "Guajillo wobbles", ataxia. NGL |
| Lobelia spp. | Indian tobacco and cardinal flower |
| Lobelia toxic agent | N-methyl piperidine: an alkaloid |
| Lobelia animals affected | Ruminants (domestic) |
| Lobelia signs | GI effects, mydriasis, hypersalivation, copious nasal discharge, depression, recumbancy |
| Lobelia lesions | extensive subQ hemorrhage, congested brain, subdural edema, yellow friable liver |
| Peganum spp. | Rue |
| Peganum toxic agent | alkaloids (harmaline, harmine, harmalol)- highest in seeds |
| Peganum animals affected | cattle, sheep, guinea pigs, horses |
| Peganum signs | acute stiffness, trembling, hypersalivation, anorexia, hind limb weakness |
| Peganum lesions | severe GI inflammation, pulmonary and renal congestion, subcapsular liver hemorrhage |
| Pteridium toxic agent | Thiaminase |
| Equisetum palustre | Horsetail |
| Equisetum toxic agent | Thiaminase, aconitic acid, palustrine (alkaloid) |
| Equisetum animals affected | HORSES, cattle |
| Solanum spp. | potato weed, thread salve |
| Solanum toxic agent | unknonw! may be alkaloid causing lysosomal storage dz |
| Solanum animals affected | cattle |
| Solanum signs | "crazy cow syndrome" - seizures, extension of head and thoracic limbs, nystagmus |
| Solanum lesions | vacuolation, degeneration of perkinjie cells w/ cytoplasmic inclusion bodies |
| Sophora spp. | Moutain laurel, mescalbean, silky sophora |
| Sophora toxic agent | Cytisine |
| Sophora animals affected | ruminants, man |
| Sophora signs | stiffened hind legs, tremors. Cattle die while sheep recover quickly. NGL |
| Vicia spp. | Vetch |
| Vicia toxic agent | glycosides? |
| Vicia animals affected | ruminants, horses, poultry |
| Vicia signs | convulsions, blindness, ADR, death, nervousness, SubQ swellings of head, neck, body, alopecia, respiratory signs, weakness |
| Zigadenus spp. | Deathcamas |
| Zigadenus toxic agent | Zygacine - steroidal alkaloid |
| Zigadenus animals affected | sheep, cattle, horses, chickens, swine if don't vomit |
| Zigadenus signs | Early spring, hypersalivation, GI effects, ataxia, dyspnea, death. NGL |
Created by:
ferretinmyshoes
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