Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Unit 3 Animal Prod
QCE Agricultural Science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| recall the different types of agricultural production animals | Beef cattle = beef, veal; Pigs = pork, bacon; Poultry = chicken, turkey, quail; Goat = chevon; Deer = venison |
| Define Animal husbandry | controlled cultivation, management, and production of domestic animals, including improvement of the qualities considered desirable by humans by means of breeding |
| Define Breed | a stock of animals or plants in a species having a distinctive appearance and typically developed by deliberate selection |
| recall physical characteristics of different breeds of animals and how they relate to the environment and/or feeding behaviour of the animal | Brangus cattle are a cross of Brahman and Angus; Droughtmaster cattle are a cross of Brahman and Shorthorn Recall – differences between Bos taurus and Bos indicus ‘early maturing’ vs 'late maturing' |
| recall some differences between Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds | Bos indicus = can walk and forage further; leaner, short hair coat, oily secretion in glands repels insects, short glossy coat repels sun, large flappy ears and dewlap increases surface area; highly developed skin glands to sweat |
| distinguish between early and late maturing animals | early maturing will stop growing earlier and start to lay down fat. The implications of this is that they meet market requirements for minimum fat coverage at an earlier age. Early maturing animals can be 'overfat' if they are grown out for too long. |
| recall a range of regionally significant agricultural animals | Sheep = western Qld, Cattle = north, central, far north, western Qld. Further north tends to be more tropical content (i.e. Bos indicus). Bos taurus cattle tend to be in the south East of Qld and west of the tick line. |
| Identify the factors that affect Animal Production | Nutrition Genetics (Breed) Climate and weather Disease Management Practices |
| Define Nutrition | the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth |
| Define Maintenance requirements of an animal | The amount of feed needed to keep the animal alive and healthy without producing any product. Affected by weight, body composition (fat %), pregnant, lactating, dry Disease status (diseased or healthy) Surrounding climate (cold weather vs heat) |
| Identify the types of feed | Roughage (high concentrations of fibre) including forages, hays, silages Concentrates (high concentrations of major nutrients) including grain, oilseeds, meatmeal |
| Recall some examples of how nutrition impacts animal growth | Nutrition has an effect on: Maturity rate Ovulation rate Lactation Birth weight and survival rate of offspring |
| Define genetics | the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics. |
| Define heritability | measures how strongly a characteristic is passed on from one generation to the next. Values over 30% are considered to be high. |
| Explain P = G+E | The genetic make up of an animal sets an upper limit to production. If production is limited by an environmental factor (eg nutrition) this factor will have a great effect on increasing productivity. |
| Describe the correlation of genetic traits | If you select for one particular characteristic, it may have a positive or a negative effect on another characteristic. This is because more characteristics or traits are controlled by a combination of genes, rather than one single gene. |
| Describe the types of selective breeding covered | Inbreeding Line Breeding Crossbreeding (for hybrid vigour or heterosis) |
| Describe hybrid vigour or heterosis | the increased production potential of a crossbred individual |
| Define weather | the daily conditions of the atmosphere in terms of temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind and moisture |
| Define climate | the average conditions of Earth’s atmosphere based on records taken over at least thirty years |
| Discuss how a climatic factor may impact animal production | Recall each of the following and the potential impacts they have on production: Temperature Humidity Solar Radiation Day Length |
| Recall the four types of disease | Genetic – inherited Metabolic – changes in function of body systems (e.g. milk fever in dairy cows) Microbial – when pathogens, or disease-causing organisms enter the animal Metazoal – caused by metazoans (can be seen by the naked eye) |
| Define disease | a disorder of structure or function in an animal or plant, especially one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury |
| Explain how the severity of a disease can change | severity is affected by: the host, the pathogen/parasite and the environment. |
| Describe hereditary diseases | diseases passed on to the offspring by one of the genes e.g. Pompes Disease in Brahmans, Dwarfism in Cattle |
| Describe metabolic diseases | occur when one section/system of the body is not working normally. E.g. milk fever in cows (due to low calcium levels), grass tetany (magnesium levels are low due to green grass) |
| Describe microbial diseases | occur when a pathogen (microscopic organisms including virus, bacteria, fungus or protozoa) infects the host. e.g. three day sickness (BEF), brucellosis |
| Describe metazoal diseases | Internal or external parasites infest the host. E.g. ticks, tape worms |
| Define management decisions | the application of management and economic principles that are used in the production, transformation and marketing of agricultural products. E.g. Management decisions could include: Feeding Breeding Husbandry practices Selling |
| Provide some examples of management decisions to maximise reproduction | Avoid using very young or old stock Use breeds and animals best suited to the region Culling inferior and less productive animals Plan operations to coincide with the breeding seasons Use sufficient number of males Drench and vaccinate |
| Recall the types of feed | Concentrates: a nutrient-dense form of feed high in carbohydrates (easily digested) e.g. grain Forages: grasses and plant material Rumen modifiers: e.g. rumensin Buffers – e.g. bicarb soda/bentonite Mineral mixes |
| Define digestibility | the difference between the amount of feed ingested and excreted, expressed as a proportion of the feed ingested. A measurement of how much of the nutrients in a ration can be extracted and absorbed |
| Define palatability | the quality of being tasty or acceptable in some other way. Measured by observing how well animals like the forage or by estimating or measuring forage intake. |
| Define diet | a list of ingredients in a feed or the sum of food consumed by an animal |
| Define ration | the amount of feed an animal receives in a given period of time. A balanced ration will supply the proper amount and proportions of nutrients needed for an animal to perform a specific purpose such as growth, maintenance, lactation or gestation. |
| Recall the factors that need to be considered to formulate a ration | the quantity of nutrients the animal needs to meet production demands, and the nutrient content of the feeds available |
| identify the main nutrients in feed required by agricultural animals and their function in body systems | carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals and water |
| Recall the role of carbohydrates in feed | Major source of energy in feed Responsible for temperature control and proper functioning of different parts of the animal’s body (Maintenance) as well as muscle, fat and milk production |
| Describe why rumens are able to digest carbohydrates | microorganisms present in the rumen are able to produce cellulase, the enzyme that breaks down cellulose |
| Recall the role of protein in feed | Primarily used to build, maintain and repair body tissues Also creates hormones and enzymes, provides energy and keeps immune system strong. Young animals need diets higher in protein than older animals |
| Describe why there are 'essential amino acids' in monogastric diets but not for ruminants | Proteins are made up of various combinations of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Monogastrics cannot synthesise some amino acids so it is 'essential' they are included in a diet. Rumen microbes synthesise for ruminants |
| Recall the role of fat in feed | An energy source Can help supplement energy requirements in high producing animals High fat diets will slow digestion in ruminants as microbes are unable to break fats down |
| Recall the role of vitamins in feed | Vitamins are organic nutrients needed in small quantities to perform specific functions. Essential for normal metabolism, they do not provide energy but are necessary in the use of energy. Vitamin deficiency can lead to metabolic disease or death. |
| Recall the role of minerals in feed | There are 16 mineral elements that are known to be essential (the body can not produce them) Macrominerals include Ca, Cl, Mg, P, K, Na, S Microminerals include Cr, Co, Cu, Fl, I, Fe, Mn, Mb, Se and Zn. |
| Recall the role of water in feed | Major functions of water are: solvent for transport of nutrients, solvent for excretion of waste (eg. Urine), buffer against changes in body temperature. It constitutes 75 – 95% of bodyweight. |
| Summarise monogastric protein digestion | Proteins are broken down into amino acids by enzymes in the stomach and small intestine and absorbed in the small intestine (some in stomach) |
| Summarise monogastric carbohydrate digestion | Carbohydrates start to get broken down by amylase in the mouth and this continues with other enzymes in the stomach. Glucose, fructose, sucrose are absorbed in the small intestine |
| Summarise monogastric fat digestion | Fats are broken down in the stomach and small intestine and absorbed as fatty acids and monoglycerides |
| Summarise ruminant digestion | The microbes in the rumen include bacteria, protozoa and fungi. The microbes feed on forages in the rumen, ferment and the products that are utilised by the cow. Some digest starch and sugar while others digest cellulose |
| Recall the end products from microbial fermentation in the rumen | Volatile Fatty Acids, the cow’s main energy source Ammonia, used to manufacture microbial protein and absorbed by the rumen. Microbes die and are digested in the abomasum. Gases include methane and carbon dioxide |
| Describe protein digestion in the rumentant | Protein, is broken down into peptides, then to amino acids and eventually ammonia The protein used by the cow may be from the feed she eats or from the microbes washed from the rumen to the abomasum |
| Describe Non-protein Nitrogen (NPN) | Urea can be added to feed as a source of ammonia. When there is available VFA's from cellulose digestion, microbes can grow to create microbial protein. When the microbes travel to the abomasum they 'feed' the ruminant. |
| Define RDP (Rumen Degradable Protein) | Protein in feed is broken down in the rumen to ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acids (VFA’s) |
| Define UDP (Undegradable Protein or RUP - Rumen undegradable Protein) | Protein in feed that is not 'degraded' or digested in the rumen. It will then flow into the abomasum and is digested in a similar manner to the monogastric. |
| Define Crude Protein | a rough estimate of the total amount of protein in a ration based on the nitrogen content |
| Describe fat digestion in ruminants | they are either partially degraded in the rumen or bypass it. Too much fat in the diet will interfere with fibre digestion and decrease the palatability of the diet. Fat slows the growth of microbes in the rumen (slow digestion and therefore appetite) |
| Recall where energy is sourced in a ruminant | from carbohydrates (including sugars, starches and fibres), fats and proteins. |
| Define digestible energy | the gross energy of a feed, minus the energy content of the faeces attributable to it |
| Define metabolisable energy | the energy available to the animal for use by the body before heat is lost during digestion |
| Define net energy | the amount of feed energy actually available for animal maintenance, growth and production |
| Recall the order of energy partitioning | Gross to Digestible to Metabolisable to Net. Net is used for maintenance and then production. |
| Describe some examples of types of feed ration | Maintenance Growth Finishing Breeding and gestation |
| Describe a maintenance ration | Maintain the animal’s weight and size High in carbohydrates and fats Low in protein Examples: idle work animals, non-producing breeding animals |
| Describe a Growth Ration | High in protein, energy, minerals and vitamins Examples: young market animals, young breeding animals |
| Describe a Finishing Ration | Large quantities of carbohydrates and fats Ample protein Examples: feedlot animals going to slaughter soon |
| Describe a Breeding and Lactation Ration | Higher in Calcium for milk production, Large quantities of protein, minerals and vitamins to ensure no deficiencies |
| Describe the steps involved in formulating a feed ration | identifying the animal’s nutritional requirement, e.g. ME selecting foodstuffs to meet the animal’s requirement calculating the proportion of each foodstuff |
| Define the Feed Conversion Ratio | A measure of an animal’s efficiency in converting feed mass into increases of the desired output (eg animal live weight). Animals that have a low feed conversion ratio are considered to be efficient users of feed. |
| Describe the benefits of a low Feed Conversion Ratio | This minimises the potential losses of energy for the animal: e.g. Restricting movement (e.g. battery hens) will reduce energy lost to cell respiration, Optimising digestion and Slaughtering animals at a young age (older animals =higher FCR) |
| Define animal growth | the increase in weight and height (size) of an animal over time. Growth has a marked effect on: Time of selling Feed requirements Type of carcase produced |
| Define animal development | changes in body tissues (fat, bone and muscle) and systems from the birth of an animal to the point where it reaches adult maturity; |
| Describe why fast growth rates are desirable | Animals reach slaughter weight as quickly as possible Animals have high feed conversion efficiencies There is a faster turnover of livestock |
| Describe a 'normal' growth curve | Most animals have an S shaped growth curve with rapid weight gain before maturity, and then their weight and height stabilises |
| describe and compare the different stages of growth and development | conception, birth, puberty and maturity |
| Identify the early-developing parts of the body compared with the later-developing parts? | 1. Nervous System 2. Bone 3. Muscle 4. Fat |
| List the primary requirements of animals at different stages of growth and development | Conception - protein Birth - high energy, high protein Growth - high energy and protein exceeding maintenance requirements Puberty - protein (for hormone production) Maturity - energy and protein can decrease |
| Recall the Factors affecting growth and development | Nutrition Genetics Animal Health Management |
| Describe how Nutrition impacts growth and development | Nutrition at the time of mating may affect number of ova released and number of live young born If ovulation is more regular, higher calving % achieved Over-fat Dams are harder to obtain pregnancy and often have smaller calves |
| recall the term allometric growth | occurs when different tissues grow at a rate that is greater or less than the growth rate of the body as a whole E.g. the (CNS) grows quickly in the foetus, the growth of reproductive organs are greatest at puberty, |
| Describe how management impacts growth and development | In modern production systems, farmers are attempting to bend/change/displace allometric relationships to increase their animals rate of production of saleable meat |
| Describe how genetics impacts growth and development | Breed: generally, the larger the breed, the larger the offspring Size of Dam – large dams usually equal larger offspring Size and sex of litter – males are marginally bigger than females individual offspring are larger than multiple birth offspring |
| Distinguish between early and late maturity animals | Late-maturing breeds have a high proportion of muscle : bone and a lower proportion of fat than early-maturing breeds. Early-maturing animals will be the first to develop intra-muscular fat (marbling). |
| Describe how sex impacts growth and development | For any given live weight, the proportion of fat in females is greater than that of castrates, which is greater than that of entire males. Males are generally heavier and larger than females at birth and grow faster than castrates or females. |
| Describe how stress disease and parasites impact growth and development | Stress caused by heat, fighting, diseases and parasites reduces food consumption and growth rates. Prolonged or severe weight loss may cause permanent impairment of growth. |
| Recall the 4 types of disease and examples | Hereditary (genetic) Metabolic – where systems of the body don’t work properly Microbial – when pathogens, or disease-causing organisms enter the animal Metazoal – caused by metazoans (can be seen by the naked eye) |
| Describe compensatory growth | After periods of mild nutritional deficiencies animals may exhibit accelerated (or compensatory) growth. The is due to: Increased appetite Increased efficiency of feed utilisation (decreased FCR) |
| Recall the types of markets for agricultural products | Direct Marketing/selling Farmer negotiates either directly with buyers or sell to an agent at a recognised market location. Online – direct from farm Auctions Plus, CALM Auctions Marketing Bodies: Futures – forward selling. E.g. wool |
| Define market specifications | the minimum standards that need to be met to make a product suitable for sale. E.g. dentition, sex, weight/carcase weight, fat depth |
| Discuss and Analyse the use of hormones in animal production | HGP's (Hormone growth promotants) repartition (rearranges) energy deposition away from fat deposition towards protein deposition to prevent excessive fat deposition). Maximises lean tissue (protein) deposition. |
| Describe some benefits of using HGP's | increases saleable meat yield (increase lean meat production) increase feed conversion efficiency faster growth: therefore shorter feed time – savings on feed costs. |
| Discuss the use of antibiotics in animal production | Used to reduce the ‘inefficient’ gut bacteria and improve growth. Pigs and Chickens – used to prevent coccidiosis. No antibiotics that are critically important in human medicine (WHO, 2016) * are used routinely in chicken production |
| Define agricultural pests | any organism that injures, irritates or damages livestock, livestock products or plant products, and can adversely affect production. Examples Nasal bots and worms in sheep, buffalo fly and ticks in cattle, mites and flies in pigs |
| Define agricultural diseases | a disorder of structure or function in an animal or plant, especially one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury. E.g. Johne’s Disease, Coccidiosis, Foul Pox, |
| Describe the impact of diseases on production | Lack of appetite – loss of weight gain, increase in metabolic requirements (maintenance energy) this increases the time taken for animals to meet market specifications. Therefore effects profitability. Death – economic impact |
| Recall the types of control measures for pests and diseases | Chemical Physical (can also be referred to as Mechanical) Biological Management (can also be referred to as cultural) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) |
| Describe chemical control | the use of chemicals (inorganic or organic) to kill pests or inhibit their development e.g. Vaccination, pour-ons, pesticides, insecticides, nematicides |
| Explain the immunity provided by vaccinations | The first injection allows the virus (live or dead) to multiply rapidly, prompting a full-scale immune response with antibody production in the target animal. Two further injections at later dates ensure sufficient antibody production. |
| Name the type of market that includes market specifications around the ‘hump height’ or ‘bos indicus content’ of the animal. | MSA - Meat Standards Australia |
| Name some of the requirements of an agricultural chemical label | Active ingredients must be listed on the label Target pests and animal targeted Withholding periods/Export slaughter intervals (WHP or ESI) Brand Name and Manufacturer Recommended treatment rates – you may need to calculate these in external exam |
| Describe some of the methods of application for agricultural chemicals | Drench – over the backline of the animal Oral Drench – in mouth Sub-cutaneous injection – under the skin Intra-muscular injection – into the muscle – usually the neck Dip – the animal walks into a spray or jumps into a plunge dip |
| Describe Physical Control of pests and diseases | animal, pest and disease control methods where the pest is attacked and/or destroyed, e.g. cultivation and hand removal E.g. traps - for pest animals and insects; mulches - for weed management; steam sterilisation - for soil disease management |
| Describe Biological Control of pests and diseases | animal, pest and disease control methods that introduce a natural enemy or predator E.g. dung beetles for control of buffalo fly, insects to control lantana |
| Recall an example of an unsuccessful biological control program | Cane toads introduced into Australia for control of the Cane Beetle |
| Recall an example of a successful biological control program | Cactoblastis moth to control introduced cactus in Australia |
| Describe Management practices to control pests and diseases | Practices that reduce pest establishment, reproduction, dispersal, and survival. e.g. Replacing a susceptible breed with a less susceptible breed (utilising genetics); e.g. Selecting Bos indicus breeds in tick areas. |
| Describe IPM | an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests using a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant breeds/varieties, then monitoring pests |
| Define the Economic Threshold | when the pest population likely to cause damage equal in value to the cost of control (pesticide plus application) in an IPM program |
| Define the Economic Injury Level | The smallest number of insects (amount of injury) that will cause yield losses equal to the insect management costs. |
| Evaluate IPM | Advantages - Use less chemicals / less chemical/pesticide resistance reduced chemical contamination of food and the environment Disadvantages Monitoring and identification are required to ensure pests and diseases don’t reach economic thresholds. |
| Define Exotic Diseases | infectious diseases that normally do not occur in the region. E.g. foot-and-mouth disease, mad cow disease, Newcastle disease and rabies |
| Define Notifiable Diseases | any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities. E.g. Bovine Johne’s disease (BJD), Hendra virus, |
Created by:
DrLeeAGS
Popular Agriculture sets