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Insecticide toxicity
plant related
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rotenone toxicity MOA | Derris spp. plants - blocks conversion of NADH2 --> NAD |
| Rotenone toxicity signs | vomiting, ataxia, tremors, clonic convulsions, respiratory failure |
| Pyrethrum and synthetic pyrethroids origin | Chrysanthemum spp. |
| Pyrethrum/pyrethroids MOA | Type I - increases normal nerve Na+ conduction. Type II - inhibits GABA (neuro signs~) |
| Pyrethrum/pyrethroids toxicity signs | Muscle weakness/tremors, salivation, GI signs |
| Pyrethrum/pyrethroids toxicity treatment | Valium and atropine |
| Limoline origin | Monocyclic terpene from citrus plants (Hill's VIP flea and tick dip) |
| Limoline toxicity signs | Mild: hypersalivation, ataxia, tremors. Severe: same + necrotizing dermatitis, septicemia (no primary lesions) |
| Organochlorine insecticides | DDT, lindane, mirex, etc. |
| Organochlorine toxic to __________ | insects, fish, mammals |
| Organochlorine MOA | DDT decreases membrane potential of nerves, esp sensory nn. |
| Organochlorine toxicity signs | GI effects, nervousness, spasms, convulsions. Death by respiratory failure! |
| Strychnine origin | Alkaloid from Strychnos plants. Usually found in sulfate form. (Brucine 1/8 as potent) |
| Strychnine absorption | rapidly absorbed since non-ionized at gastric pH |
| Strychnine MOA | blocks glycine receptors of lower CNS |
| Strychnine toxicity signs | anxiety, spasms, convulsions, death d/t respiratory failure (non-specific lesions) |
| Strychnine toxicity treatment | Early: Diazepam, apomorphone, charcoal, diruresis. Late: pentobarbital, Guaifenison, diuresis |
| Warfarin origin | Coumarol naturally found in sweet clover is converted to dicoumarol by mold/rot. |
| Warfarin MOA | interfere w/Vit K role in synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X. Vit K must be reduced by epoxide reductase to be reused - warfarin inhibits conversion |
| Warfarin affects these species: ________ | cattle, sheep, horses, rabbits, dogs, cats |
| Factors affecting warfarin toxicity | oral Abx or sulfonamides, high dietary fat, liver damage, young/old/sick |
| Warfarin toxicity diagnostics | One stage prothrombin test (measures factors)and PT most useful! |
| Sodium Fluoroacetate "1080" MOA | toxic by 'lethal synthesis' to florocitrate to inhibit aconitase blocking conversion of citrate to isocitrate (Krebs cycle). Citrate chelates calcium so w/toxicity will immediately see calcium levels drop |
| Sodium Fluoroacetate "1080" toxicity signs | Cholinergic response/ GI effects, CNS signs, CNS signs, cardiac signs, convulsions. Horses/goats/rabbits: arrythmias, tachycardia, trembling, sweating |
| Sodium Fluoroacetate "1080" lesions | unclotted blood, cyanosis, heart hemorrhage, rapid rigor mortis |
| Thallium MOA | unknown, probably interferes with oxidative phosphorylation |
| Thallium signs | Per acute: convulsions, weak pulse, GI effects, paralysis, death Acute: salivation, conjunctivits, erythema, hemorrhage, ulcers, renal/liver dz, lymphadenopathy Chronic: hair loss |
| Thallium treatment | Prussian blue, Dithizone, KCl to prevent reabsorption in the kidney |
| Thallium lesions | skin problems, nephrosis, GI ulcers, liver dz, pulmonary edema |
| Thallium detection | increased PCV, leukocytosis, proteinuria, hemoglobinuria |
| Phosphorus colors | white/yellow is extremely toxic! Red and others relatively non-toxic |
| Phosphorus signs | Biphasic: GI signs, hemorrhage, vascular collapse, luminescent vomitus, recovery for a few hours then signs reoccur with convulsions, coma, death |
| Cholecalciferol MOA | mobilize bone from bones into blood causing calcium toxicity to heart |
| Cholecalciferol lesions | Acute: heart stops in systole. Chronic: calcium deposits in soft tissues, aorta, tendons, muscle |
| Bromethalin MOA | uncouple oxidatice phosphorylation - dissipate proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane |
| Ornitrol MOA | interferes w/ cholesterol metabolism needed for egg laying - sterilizes for 6 months |
| DEET signs | blisters, skin necrosis, CNS disturbances |
| DEET toxicity level | NOEL in dogs = 100mg/kg/day |
| Amitraz (Mitaban) MOA | alpha-2 agonist and weak MAOI affecting cats, dogs, horses |
| Metaldehyde (slug bait) lesions | hyperemia of liver, kidneys, lungs, degeneration of liver and ganglia cells |
| Methyl bromide (fungicide) signs | CNS depression, myocardial depression, kidney degeneration |
| Phthalimides lesions | hydrothorax, ascites, GI tract inflammation |
| Bipyridyl compounds (Paraquat > diquat) MOA | substitute ferredoxin to inhibit NADPH2 in plants; intereact w/NADPH to ultimately produce oxygen radical that damages cell membranes |
| Sodium chlorate signs/lesions | intravascular hemolysis, methemeglobinuria, staggering/ GI lesions, brown congested kidneys |
| Sodium chlorate treatment | methylene blue, transfusions |
Created by:
ferretinmyshoes
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