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Year 10 AGS Term 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| identify the different types of agricultural production animals and their products | E.g. pigs = pork, bacon; Cattle = beef, veal; Poultry = chicken, turkey, quail; Dairy cattle = cheese, milk; goats = chevon; deer = venison |
| identify the important animal and plant enterprises in local and regional areas of Queensland | Far north Qld = cattle, sugar cane; North Qld = cattle, vegetables and fruit, Dairy; Central Qld = cattle, citrus, cotton, fruit and vegetables; Western Qld = goats, cattle, sheep, broadacre cropping; Wide Bay/Burnett = cattle, fruit and vegetables, |
| Describe how animal productivity is measured | Kilograms of wool produced per sheep per year Number of eggs laid per hen per year Weight gain in kilograms per animal per year Number of lambs born per ewe per year Litres of milk produced per cow per lactation |
| define animal ethics | A term used to describe a range of factors relating to how animals should be treated by humans (an opinion) |
| define animal welfare | Concerned with the wellbeing of animals The principles of animal welfare are based on the ‘five freedoms’ and allow an animal to live as naturally as possible, be stress free and maintain health and fitness |
| explain the difference between animal welfare and animal ethics | Animal ethics can differ for individual as it is an opinion on how animals should be treated. Animal welfare is the about the animals right to a comfortable life. Most agricultural producers are concerned about animal welfare as it affects production |
| Explain why animal welfare is important in agriculture | Poor animal welfare impacts on animal production and reproduction Poor animal welfare can result in loss of market access Legislation requires livestock owners to care for the welfare of their animals |
| explain at least one animal welfare issue associated with production practices such as mulesing, live export, battery-cage egg production or use of farrowing crates | e.g. mulesing, live export, battery-cage egg production or use of farrowing crates (using information collected for your assignment) |
| Recall the function of the nucleus | A body found in nearly all cells which contains DNA of the cells and is the control centre of all cell function. Present in Plant and Animal cells |
| Recall the function of the Cell Wall | Usually rigid and protects structures within the cell. Composed mainly of lignin. The cell wall is found ONLY in plant cells. |
| Recall the function of the Plasma Membrane | Covers all of the cell organs. Composed mainly of lipids and protein. It is found in all cells. |
| Recall the function of the Cytoplasm | A jelly like substance that contains all of the living material in the cell that is enclosed within the cell membrane (with the exception of the nucleus). Present in Plant and Animal cells |
| Recall the function of the Chloroplasts | Contain chlorophyll, which is essential for the photosynthetic activities of the cell. Chloroplasts are found ONLY in plant cells. |
| Recall the function of the Vacuole | A fluid filled space within the cytoplasm bounded by a membrane. It functions as a reservoir to hold food and waste products. Plant cells have a large central vacuole, animal cells have small, numerous vacuoles. |
| Recall the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum | The ER increases the surface area of the cell, and aids in the exchange of material (transport system) Present in Plant and Animal cells |
| Recall the function of the Ribosomes | Small particles found either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the outer surface of the ER. Contain high concentrations of RNA, and are the site of protein synthesis. Present in plant and animal cells |
| Recall the function of the Golgi Apparatus | Found in the cytoplasm. Function is isolating and transporting molecules out of the cell. Present in Plant and Animal cells es of protein synthesis. Present in Plant and Animal cells |
| Recall the function of the Mitochondria | Found in the cytoplasm. Are responsible for energy production. Present in Plant and Animal cells |
| Identify the Hierarchical Structure of cells | Cells are the building blocks of life. Similar cells grouped together make tissues. Different tissues group together to make organs. Multiple organs come together to make organ systems. E.g. Digestive, reproductive, circulatory |
| Define Anatomy | The study of the structure of organisms, especially the internal structure |
| Define Physiology | The study of the functions of the animal body or any of its parts |
| Recall some examples of monogastrics | Pigs, dogs, cats, horses |
| Recall some examples of ruminants | Cattle, sheep, deer, goats |
| Recall some examples of avians | Chicken, turkey, quail, geese |
| Describe a monogastric digestive system | An organism with a single chambered stomach. Does not digest forages & fibre easily (unless have enlarged Caecum) |
| Describe the function of teeth in the digestive system | mechanical digestion of food and breaking down into smaller parts |
| Describe the function of the mouth in the monogastric digestive system | mechanical digestion of food; also chemical digestion through saliva (amylase – enzyme that breaks down starch/carbohydrates) |
| Describe the function of Oesophagus in the digestive system | Transports food to stomach via peristalsis (muscular contractions) |
| Describe the function of the stomach in the monogastric digestive system | secretes hydrochloric acid to break down nutrients, pepsin (enzyme to break down proteins), renin to break down milk |
| Describe the function of the small intestine in the monogastric digestive system | digestion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates at the start of the small intestine. Finger-like projections from the intestine wall (called villi) absorb nutrients from the digestive system into the bloodstream for transport to the liver. |
| Describe the function of the caecum in the monogastric digestive system | the bacterial population digests fibrous material previously not digested These bacteria create gas during digestion |
| Describe the function of large intestine in the digestive system | water absorption & faeces formation |
| Describe the function of rectum in the digestive system | a storage area for faeces |
| Describe the function of anus in the digestive system | the sphincter that prevents faeces being removed until rectum is full |
| What are the unique features of horse (hind-gut fermenters) digestion? | The caecum is enlarged so that bacterial fermentation can occur similar to the rumen in a ruminant. This allows horses to consume large amounts of grass, grain and fibre |
| Name some of the accessory digestive organs and their function | Tongue = chewing and swallowing feed, Salivary glands = produce saliva for lubrication and enzymes for digestion, Pancreas =secretes enzymes for digestion, Liver = filters blood from digestive tract before passing to rest of body, Gall Bladder = bile |
| Why are some organs considered 'accessory' digestive organs | They are organs that are not within the digestive system that still contribute to the digestive process. e.g. tongue, gall bladder, pancreas |
| Describe the function of crop in the avian digestive system | part of the oesophagus – stores and moistens food |
| Describe the function of Proventriculus in the avian digestive system | similar to the stomach in monogastric animals. Provides digestive secretions |
| Describe the function of gizzard in the avian digestive system | located after the proventriculus, very muscular, used to grind food/mechanical digestion as birds do not have teeth |
| Describe the function of Cloaca in the avian digestive system | Junction of urinary, reproductive and digestive systems |
| Describe the function of caeca in the avian digestive system | Contain bacteria; involved in fermentation. There are two in avian digestive systems - caecum is the singular name |
| Describe the function of rumen in the ruminant digestive system | Large fermentation vat. Microorganisms break down cellulose Creates lots of gases (methane). Ruminants have to be able to eructate (belch). Roughages are reduced in size. |
| Describe the function of reticulum in the ruminant digestive system | Collects objects that shouldn’t be in the digestive system. E.g. Nails Screws Baling wire |
| Describe the function of omasum in the ruminant digestive system | removes water from the food. Absorbs fatty acids |
| Describe the function of abomasum in the ruminant digestive system | Glandular Stomach (like human stomach) - the 'true stomach' Secretes enzymes and digestive juices. Breaks down food stuff further for absorption. Absorbs some nutrients. |
| Recall the order of the four compartments of the 'stomach' in the ruminant digestive system | Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum (reverse alphabetical order) |
| identify and describe the main structures of the female mammalian reproductive system | Ovary, Oviduct, Fallopian Tube, Uterine Horn, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina, Vulva |
| identify and describe the main structures of the male mammalian reproductive system | Testes, Epididymis, vas Deferens, Seminiferous tubules, Prostate Gland, Urethra, Sigmoid Flexure, Sheath, Penis |
| Describe the function of the testes in the male reproductive system | Production of sperm, and also production of hormone (testosterone) |
| Define mammal | A mammal is a warm blooded vertebrate with hair, that feeds young with milk |
| Describe the significant feature of the female avian reproductive system | There is only one side, the right size of the female reproductive tract does not develop. There are also additional features including the isthmus, shell gland and magma. The digestive tract joins with the reproductive tract at the cloaca |
| Describe the function of the ovary in the female reproductive system | Production of eggs and female hormone (oestrogen) |
| Describe the function of the uterus in the female reproductive system | Houses the fertilised embryo until time of birth |
| Describe the function of the cervix in the female reproductive system | Thick walled tubular structure between vagina and uterus, closes during pregnancy and relaxes during oestrous and birth |
| Describe the function of the vagina in the female reproductive system | Secretes mucous and serves as birth canal during birth |
| Describe the function of the vulva in the female reproductive system | External opening with glands for mucous production |
| Describe the function of the epididymis in the male reproductive system | Stores sperm for maturation |
| Describe the function of the vas deferens in the male reproductive system | Carries sperm |
| Describe the function of the accessory glands in the male reproductive system | Contributes fluid to sperm to make semen |
| Describe the function of the penis in the male reproductive system | Delivers semen to female reproductive tract |
| Arrange in the correct order the following terms: ovulation, fertilisation, parturition, gestation, copulation, heat, | Ovulation - release of sex cells, Heat - oestrus; when the female is receptive to the male; Copulation - sexual intercourse, Fertilisation - sperm and egg unite, Gestation - pregnancy, Parturition - giving birth, Lactation - producing milk for offspring |
| Define fertility | Fertility is the ability of male and female animals to produce viable germ cells, mate, conceive and deliver normal living young. |
| List the factors that affect fertility | Age Breed (genetics) Nutrition Diseases and parasites Climate and season Chemicals Management |
| Identify the types of selective breeding covered in Term 2 | Inbreeding Line breeding Crossbreeding |
| Describe heterosis or hybrid vigour | The crossbred progeny, or hybrids, are usually more vigorous in growth and less likely to be susceptible to disease than either of the parents |
| Distinguish between continuous and seasonal breeding | Continuous breeding occurs throughout the year, while seasonal breeding is limited to breeding within specific seasons. |
| Define heritability | Heritability measures how strongly a characteristic is passed on from one generation to the next. |
| Describe an EBV | These estimates of an animal’s true breeding value are called EBVs (Estimated Breeding Values). It is calculated by comparing the animals weight compared to the herd average |
| Describe the purpose of the disease triangle | The severity of an infection/infestation is affected by: the host, the pathogen/parasite and the environment. |
| Recall the types of disease | Hereditary – diseases passed on by parents, Metabolic Diseases: one section of the body is not working normally. Microbial Diseases: occur when a pathogen enters the host.Metazoal: Internal or external parasites infect the host. |
| Define growth | Growth is the increase in weight and height of an animal over time. |
| Describe why growth is important in agricultural production systems | Growth has a marked effect on: Time of selling Feed requirements Type of carcase produced |
| Describe the 'normal' growth curve of an animal | Most animals have an S shaped growth curve with rapid weight gain before maturity, and then their weight and height stabilises |
| Calculate the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) for the following: If a chicken was fed 4 kg of feed to put on 2 kg of mass, what would the feed conversion ratio be? | Ans: 2:1 |
| If cattle consume 21kg of feed to put on 3 kg of mass, what would the FCR be? | Ans: 7:1 |
| Describe 3 factors that affect growth rate | Age Breed Number of offspring Sex Nutrition Climate Disease and parasites Stress Management |
| Recall 2 female hormones and where they are produced | Ovaries – produce oestrogen; Hypothalamus produces GNRH; Pituitary gland produces FSH and LH - FSH – stimulates growth of the follicle - LH – lutenising hormone – releases ovum; the corpus luteum (CL) – produces progesterone, the ‘pregnancy hormone’ |
| Describe the process of fertilisation | Fertilisation is the joining of the egg and sperm. This occurs in the fallopian tubes. After fertilisation, the embryo travels down to the uterus, where implantation occurs. |
| Recall the site of testosterone production | The testes |
| Describe the difference between a live an attenuated vaccine | Live: one injection is needed but there is a risk of developing the disease. e.g. Tick Fever. Attenuated vaccine. A killed virus can’t multiply and the antibody response is limited. Two injections at later dates ensure sufficient antibody production. |
| What is PPE? | Personal protective equipment: used when mixing and using chemicals to protect the body e.g. goggles/mask/overalls |
| List the 5 freedoms of animal welfare | Freedom from thirst and hunger Freedom from discomfort Freedom from pain, injury and disease Freedom to express most normal behaviour Freedom from fear and distress |
| Why is it more likely to see more follicles developing on a pig ovary than a cow? | multiple births are more common, so numerous follicles need to be releasted at the same time |
| Where does fertilisation of the ovum occur in mammals? | The sperm and egg meet in the infundibulum or oviduct. This is where fertilisation occurs. The embryo then moves through the uterine horns and implants in the wall of the uterus. |
| What change occurs for sperm to be considered semen? | The sperm passes the accessary glands where nutrients and fluid are added. After passing this points in the Vas deferens, it is considered sperm. |
| Describe the formula P=G+E | The phenotype or physical appearance of the animal is impacted by the genetics of the animal and the surrounding environment (e.g. nutrition, feed availability, cold temperatures) |
| Describe inbreeding | The mating of close relatives (brothers with sisters, mothers with sons, etc) Produces a uniform line of animals |
| Describe Line Breeding | A type of inbreeding based on a single common ancestor (a sire or dam) used over several generations of mating A high degree of uniformity of type and production are obtained in a herd or flock |
| Describe Cross Breeding | Involves the mating of unrelated animals of different breeds of the same species so new genes are brought into the herd. The progeny, or hybrids, experience high growth and less likely to be susceptible to disease than either of the parents |
| Describe some of the traits measured by EBV's | Birth weight Milk 200 day growth 400 day weight 600 day weight Mature cow weight Scrotal size Flight Time |
| What does a flight time EBV indicate? | The docility of an animal. As flight time increases, the time taken to exit the crush increases, indicating a calmer animal |
| In an EBV table, what does +1 mean? | The trait being measured is 1 unit higher than the herd average. E.g. +40 200 day weight means the animal is 40kg heavier than the herd average at that time |
| Recall the Feed Conversion Ratio formula | FCR = Mass of Feed Eaten (kg)/ mass of weight gained by the animal (kg) |
| Is a higher number or a lower number better for FCR? | Lower FCR indicate more efficient animals. e.g. 2:1 shows 2 kg of feed eaten to gain 1 kg of weight. |
| Recall the name of the hormone produced to maintain pregnancy | Progesterone |
| Recall the hormone responsible for signs of heat in a cow (e.g. mounting, bellowing) | Oestrogen |
| Describe what is considered a pest: | any organism that injures, irritates or damages livestock, livestock products or plant products, and can adversely affect production. Examples Nasal bots and worms in sheep, buffalo fly and ticks in cattle, mites and flies in pigs |
| Describe a disease | a disorder of structure or function in an animal or plant, especially one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not a result of physical injury. E.g Johne’s Disease, Pompe’s Disease, Coccidiosis, Newcastle Disease |
| What type of parasites infect an animal | Internal parasites are found inside an animal and are also called endoparasites |
| What type of parasites infest an animal | External parasites are found outside an animal and are also called ectoparasites. |
| What is meant by the term immunocompromised? | Animals whose immune system is not fully functioning e.g. very old, very young animals or those that are sick |
| Describe an exotic disease | infectious diseases that normally do not occur in the region. E.g. foot-and-mouth disease, mad cow disease, Newcastle disease and rabies |
| Describe a notifiable disease | any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities. E.g. Bovine Johne’s disease (BJD), Hendra virus, avian influenza, |
| Describe an antigen | any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it |
| Describe antibodies | proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body |
| Describe Active Immunity | the animal produces the antibodies |
| Describe Passive Immunity | the animal is given the antibodies through injection or from the milk of the mother |
| What are the key differences between live and attenuated vaccines? | Live vaccines are living and the small amount of the pathogen will multiply rapidly in the host. Only one injection is required. Attenuated vaccines have been killed, so no risk of acquiring the disease, however, two injections and a booster needed |
| Describe biosecurity | procedures or measures designed to protect Australia’s animal and plant industries and the natural environment from harmful biological or biochemical substances |
| What measures are included in a biosecurity plan? | All Queensland farms must have biosecurity plans. Biosecurity includes the control of pest organisms such as weeds, introduced species, pathogens and parasites. processes such as Containment, Quarantine, and Eradication, |
| Describe Quarantine | Isolation of a sick animal from the herd to prevent the spread of disease |
| Describe Containment of a disease | If it is a notifiable or exotic disease, the outbreak and surrounding properties will be ‘quarantined’ with no animals entering or exiting to try and ‘contain’ the infection |
| Describe biological control | using a natural predator to control a pest species e.g. ladybugs are a natural predator of aphids |
| Describe chemical control | insecticides (kill insects), herbicides (kill weeds) and fungicides (kill fungus), inorganic and organic pesticides Can be contact (will kill the pest on contact) or systemic (last in the animal or plant for a longer period of time). |
| What is the risk associated with chemical control of a disease | resistance of pests to the pesticides |
| What is IPM | integrated pest management (IPM) – using two or more of the physical/cultural and management methods, with chemical control used as a last resort to control pests. |
| Describe items shown on a chemical label | Active ingredient/Mode of action indicator Claims for use Directions for use Withholding period Safety directions First Aid instructions Storage and disposal statements Batch number APVMA label approval number Date of manufacture/expiry date |
| How do chemicals enter the human body? | Absorbed through the skin, inhaled, swallowed, absorbed through the eyes or accidentally injected |
| What is the LD50 rating | A safety measurement. When the chemical is registered, the company must report how much of the chemical is needed to cause death to 50% of the test animals |
| Distinguish between acute and chronic exposure to chemicals | Acute – effect of toxic chemicals may be seen immediately Chronic – exposure to small amounts of chemical over a long period, increasing in concentration until the health of animals is affected |
Created by:
DrLeeAGS
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