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ITAH - Disease
Non-Infectious Disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Non-Infectious Disease | A disease state arising from something other than an infectious agent. |
| What Are The Classifications Of Non-Infectious Disease? | -Hereditary. -Congenital. -Immunological (allergy, auto-immune, immune deficiency). -Nutritional. -Degenerative. -Endocrine. -Neoplasia. |
| Define Hereditary Disease | Caused by mutated genes inherited from one or both parents. |
| Define Congenital Disease | Disorders or defects present from birth. |
| What Are Some Potential Causes For Congenital Disease That Don't Involve Genetics? | -Exposure to certain drugs. -Irradiation during pregnancy. -Ingestion of toxins. |
| What Is A Cleft Palate (Congenital Disease)? | A failure of the palate to fuse at the midline, resulting in communication between the oral and nasal cavities. |
| What Is A Hare Lip (Congenital Disease)? | A failure of the upper lip to fuse at the midline. |
| What Is Polydactyly (Congenital Disease)? | The presence of extra digits, no clinical significance. |
| What Is An Umbilical Hernia (Congenital Disease)? | -When the intestine bulges through an opening in the abdominal muscles near the bellybutton (navel). -Can vary in size, surgical repair may be necessary. |
| Define Immunological Disease | When the immune system, which normally protects against infections, malfunctions. |
| What Is An Allergy? | An abnormal reaction of the immune system to foreign substances, such as insect bites/stings, plant pollen, fungal spores, chemicals, etc. |
| How Are Allergies Determined And Treated? | -Common allergens include food, grooming products, and environmental allergens. -Important to identify and avoid the allergen. -Elimination trials and intra-dermal testing can be used to determine allergen. -Anti-inflammatory medicines used to manage. |
| What Is An Autoimmune Disease And Give Two Examples Of Autoimmune Disease? | -When the immune system attacks the body's own tissues. Auto-immune haemolytic anaemia = break down of RBCs Myasthenia gravis = antibody-mediated interference with acetyl choline receptors on the post-synaptic side of the neuromuscular junction. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Myasthenia Gravis (Autoimmune Disease)? | -Weakness or collapse after exercise -Megaoesophagus (enlargement and loss of motility of oesophagus). |
| What Is An Immune Deficiency Disease? | When the immune system becomes impaired, resulting in more common, frequent, or severe infections. |
| What Is A Nutritional Deficiency Disease? | An insufficient amount of particular nutrients in the diet. |
| What Are Some Examples Of Nutritional Deficiency Disease? | -Scurvy in guinea pigs (due to a lack of vitamin c). -MBD in reptiles (due to a lack of calcium and vitamin d). |
| What Is Taurine And Why Is It Essential In Cats? | -Amino acid found in meat. -Essential for normal vision, digestion, heart muscle function, pregnancy & foetal development, immune function, etc. |
| Define Degenerative Disease | A disease in which the progressive pathogenesis of the condition involves degeneration of cells or tissues. Varied aetiology. |
| List The Agents That Can Cause Degeneration Of Tissue? | -Physical agents, e.g. trauma, irradiation. -Chemical agents, external or internal. -Nutritional and metabolic imbalance. -Infectious agents - direct action on cell or indirect toxic effect. -Aging. -Genetic defects. |
| What Cells Are More Susceptible To Degeneration? | Cells with a high metabolic load, such as heart, liver and kidney cells, as well as neurones. |
| Once A Cell Has Received An Insult, And Begins The Degeneration Process, What Three Things Can Then Happen? | -The cell can return to normal. -The cell can survive the degeneration but with a disturbed metabolism. -The cell can die (necrosis). |
| Give Some Examples Of Degenerative Disease? | -Degenerative myelopathy = loss of coordination of the hind limbs. -Degenerative disc disease (IVDD). -Osteoarthritis & rheumatoid arthritis. -Dementia (Canine Cognitive Dysfunction – CCD). -Chronic kidney disease. -Mitral valve disease. |
| What Is Endocrine Disease? | Caused as a result of dysfunction of an endocrine gland. |
| Give Some Examples Of Endocrine Disease? | -Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s disease). -Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease). -Hypothyroidism. -Diabetes mellitus. -Hyperthyroidism (Cats). |
| Define Neoplasia | Any new and abnormal growth, specifically one in which cell multiplication is uncontrolled and progressive (commonly known as cancer). |
| What May Cause Neoplasia (Cancer)? | -Exposure to a carcinogen (known or unknown). -Predisposing host factors. -Environmental factors. -Hormones. -Known aetiological agent (such as FeLV). |
| What Are Benign And Malignant Tumours? | Benign = grows slowly, expands without metastasis and usually does not recur. Malignant = has the characteristics of anaplasia, invasiveness and metastasis. |
| Define Metastasis (Neoplasia)? | The transfer of disease (neoplasia) from one organ or part to another not directly connected with it. Creates secondary tumours. |
| Define Anaplasia (Neoplasia)? | An irreversible alteration in adult cells towards more primitive cell types. |
| What Are The Characteristics Of Neoplastic Cell Growth? | -Less-differentiated or more primitive appearance. -Chromosomes damaged. -Rapid cell growth. -Cells lose their contact inhibition. -Cells do not age normally and become immortalised. -Tumour cells form abnormal masses. -Malignant cells may spread. |
| What Routes Do Malignant Tumours Take To Spread To Other Tissues? | Invasion/infiltration = local spread. Lymphatic spread = spread via lymph to lymph nodes to form secondary tumours. Vascular spread = spread to vascular organs where they form secondary tumours. Transplantation spread = shedding into body cavities. |
| What Are Some Examples Of Malignant Tumour Spread From Major Bodily Systems? | Mammary tumour - commonly spreads to lung, liver and kidneys. Thyroid tumour – commonly spreads to lung, liver and kidneys. Bone tumours – commonly spreads to local lymph nodes, lungs and liver. |
| How Do Tumours (Neoplasia) Cause Illness? | -Growth of tumour can exert pressure on or block organs. -Malignant cells that move about the body can congregate in blood vessels, cutting off blood supply to organs. -Tumour cells can replace functional cells. -Tumour can become infected/toxic. |
| How Do Tumours (Neoplasia) Kill Animals? | -Obliteration of vital organs by primary or secondary tumours. -Para-neoplastic syndromes (collective term for disorders arising from metabolic effects of cancer on remote tissues). -Cachexia (general ill health with weight loss, fatigue, etc). |
| How Can Neoplasia Be Treated? | -Surgery. -Chemotherapy (using drugs to “kill” the cancer cells). -Radiotherapy (limited use in veterinary medicine). -Combination of the above. -Palliative care (for terminal patients). |
| What Are Two Examples Of Neoplasia Caused By Non-Infectious Agents? | Ear-tip tumours in white cats and mammary tumours in bitches. |
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