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ITAH - Disease
Infectious Disease and Disease Control
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Infection | A disturbance in an animal’s normal homeostasis brought about by the invasion and multiplication of an infectious agent. |
| What Is A Causal Agent? | Agents or organisms which are the real cause of the occurrence of disease. |
| Define Pathogen | A microorganism that is capable of causing disease. |
| Define Infectious Disease | A disease caused by a biological agent. |
| Define Contagious Disease | An infectious disease that is spread from one animal to another. |
| What Are Commensals? | Resident microflora that cause no harm to animals and humans. They are useful as they prevent the colonisation of more harmful microorganisms. |
| What Are Some Examples Of Non-Contagious Diseases that Can Be Caused By Opportunistic Resident Microflora? | -Cat bite abscesses. -Wound infections. -Bacterial skin infections pyoderma. -Bladder infection (bacterial cystitis). |
| What Do Pathogens Need To Do In Order To Cause Disease? | -Penetrate the hosts defences (physical barriers). -Multiply within the host. -Overcome the hosts initial defences (immune system) -Cause harm to the host. |
| Define Incubation Period? | The time between infection by a pathogen and the onset of symptoms. |
| The Capacity Of An Infection To Cause Disease Is Determined By... | -The infective dose. -The virulence of the agent. -The susceptibility of the host. |
| Define Virulence | The ability of a microorganism to cause damage to its host. |
| What May Effect An An Animals Susceptibly To A Certain Disease? | -Age. -Stress. -Pre-existing disease. -Genetic predisposition. -Immunosuppression. -Drug administration. -Nutritional status. |
| Define Transmission In Relation To Disease | The transfer of infection from one animal to another. |
| What Does Direct Disease Transmission Mean? | -Pathogens spread via direct contact. -May be through bites, scratches, grooming, etc. |
| What Does Indirect Disease Transmission Mean? | -Pathogens spread via indirect contact. -Animals do not physically touch. -Disease may instead be spread via a contaminated environment or a vector. |
| What Are Fomites? | -Also known as mechanical vectors. -Pathogens surviving on inanimate objects which may then be passed around the environment and spread to animals. |
| What Are Biological Vectors? | Organisms that carry infection from one host to another. The pathogen multiplies and develops in the vector before infecting the host. |
| What Are The Common Vehicles Of Transmission By Indirect Contact? | -Water. -Air. -Food. |
| What Is Horizontal and Vertical Transmission? | Horizontal Transmission = Disease is spread to other members of the same species (lateral spread). Vertical Transmission = Disease is passed from one generation to the next (dam to offspring via in utero or colostrum). |
| What Are Convalescent and Healthy Carriers Of Disease? | Convalescent Carriers = Carriers that have overcome the particular disease but are still capable of transmitting it. Healthy Carriers = Asymptomatic carriers, never exhibited symptoms of disease, yet still are capable of transmitting it. |
| What Are The Routes A Pathogen Can Take To Exit A Host? | -Transplacental. -Skin. -Faeces. -Urine and discharges. -Milk. -Oral (saliva, vomit, bites). |
| What Are Some Infection Control Methods To Prevent Disease Transmission? | -Disinfection and cleaning protocols. -Correct waste disposal. -Personal hygiene and PPE. -Isolation, barrier nursing and quarantine. -Good husbandry. -Controlling disease vectors. -Vaccination. -Owner education. |
| What Is Canine Distemper Virus and Who Does It Effect? | -CDV is a morbillivirus. -Not normally seen in UK as vaccination is main preventative measure. -Effects unvaccinated dogs and ferrets, mainly puppies aged 12-24 weeks, can effect geriatrics. |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Canine Distemper Virus And How Is It Transmitted? | -7-21 days. -Inhalation of aerosol droplets. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Canine Distemper Virus and How Can It Be Treated? | -Conjunctivitis, initial dry cough that may become wet, vomiting and diarrhoea, ocular discharge, lethargy, neurological signs in later disease process. -Isolation and manage clinical signs, IVFT, potential antibiotics, antitussives, anticonvulsants. |
| What Is Canine Parvovirus and Who Does It Effect? | -Known as canine parvovirus type 2. -Extremely contagious viral infection. -Effects young and unvaccinated puppies (6-24 weeks) as well as unvaccinated adults). |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Canine Parvovirus And How Is It Transmitted? | -3-5 days. -Direct or indirect contact with contaminated dogs or their faeces. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Canine Parvovirus and How Can It Be Treated? | -Depression, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, haemorrhagic diarrhoea, pyrexia, shock, dehydration. -Isolation and manage clinical signs, IVFT, antibiotics, antiemetics, antivirals, good hygiene. |
| What Is Infectious Canine Hepatitis and Who Does It Effect? | -Caused by canine adenovirus type 1. -Highly resistant viral disease. -Commonly effects younger, unvaccinated dogs. |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Infectious Canine Hepatitis And How Is It Transmitted? | -5-10 days. -Oronasal, can also be shed in urine for up to 6 months. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Infectious Canine Hepatitis and How Can It Be Treated? | -Pyrexia, depression, anorexia, gastrointestinal signs, hepatomegaly, jaundice, petechial haemorrhaging, corneal oedema, swollen lymph nodes. -Isolation and manage clinicals signs, IVFT, antibiotics, antiemetics, analgesia. |
| What Is Leptospirosis and Who Does It Effect? | -Zoonotic bacterium leptospira canicola or leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. -Can effect all unvaccinated dogs, especially ratters and swimmers. |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Leptospirosis And How Is It Transmitted? | -7 days. -Transmitted via direct contact with infected urine and contaminated sources, such as rats and water contaminated by rat urine. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Leptospirosis and How Can It Be Treated? | Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (weil's disease in humans) = Hepatic damage. Leptospira canicola = Renal damage. -Pyrexia, depression, gastrointestinal signs. -Isolation and manage clinical signs, IVFT, antibiotics, antiemetics, analgesia, good hygiene. |
| What Is Kennel Cough and Who Does It Effect? | -Caused by a mix of bacterial and viral microorganisms including bordetella bronchiseptica, canine parainfluenza virus, canine herpesvirus, etc. -Commonly effects unvaccinated dogs and dogs living in highly populated areas (kennels). |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Kennel Cough And How Is It Transmitted? | -5-7 days. -Transmitted via direct contact, and inhalation of aerosol droplets. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Kennel Cough and How Can It Be Treated? | -Dry, honking cough, retching, bronchopneumonia, anorexia, pyrexia, dyspnoea, depression, tachypnoea . -Isolation and manage clinical signs, IVFT, antibiotics, antitussives, mucolytics, good hygiene. |
| What Is Feline Panleucopaenia Virus/Feline Infectious Enteritis and Who Does It Effect? | -Feline version of parvovirus. -Highly resistant and infectious virus. -Commonly effects unvaccinated cats and kittens as well as unborn kittens. |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Feline Panleucopaenia Virus/Feline Infectious Enteritis And How Is It Transmitted? | -5-9 days. -Transmitted via direct oral/faecal contact, as well as fomites. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Feline Panleucopaenia Virus/Feline Infectious Enteritis and How Can It Be Treated? | -Haemorrhagic vomiting and diarrhoea, fever, anorexia, depression, immunosuppression, cerebellar hypoplasia in unborn kittens. -Isolation and manage clinical signs, treat any secondary infections, good hygiene and nutrition. Prevention through vacs. |
| What Is Feline Upper Respiratory Disease (Cat Flu) And Who Does It Effect? | -Caused by a mix of bacterial and viral microorganisms including bordetella bronchiseptica, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus type 1. -Highly infectious but low mortality rates. -Commonly effects unvaccinated cats, immunosuppressed cats, purebreds. |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Feline Upper Respiratory Disease (Cat Flu) And How Is It Transmitted? | -1-10 days. -Transmitted via direct or indirect contact with aerosol droplets. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Feline Upper Respiratory Disease (Cat Flu) and How Can It Be Treated? | -Depression, anorexia, pyrexia, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, dyspnoea, sneezing, oral ulceration, nasal and ocular discharge, coughing, pneumonia. -Isolation and manage clinical signs, IVFT, antibiotics, antivirals, potential assisted feeding. |
| What Is Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) And Who Does It Effect? | -Caused by a retrovirus, similar to FIV - does not survive in environment. -Effects unvaccinated cats. |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) And How Is It Transmitted? | -Variable, from months to years. -Transmitted via direct contact through bites, vertical transmission. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV) and How Can It Be Treated? | -Immunosuppression, anaemia, neoplasia, gastrointestinal signs, weight loss (depends on strain of virus). -Isolation and management of clinical signs, treat any secondary infections, good hygiene and nutrition. |
| What Is Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) And Who Does It Effect? | -Caused by a retrovirus. -Similar to HIV in people. -Virus does not survive for long in environment -Can effect all cats. |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) And How Is It Transmitted? | -Variable, weeks, months, years. -Transmitted through direct contact such as bites, or vertical transmission. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and How Can It Be Treated? | -Lethargy, inappetence, pyrexia (initially), emaciation, chronic diarrhoea, poor dental health, ocular and nasal discharge, renal failure, poor general health. -Isolation and manage clinical signs, treat secondary infections, good hygiene and nutrition. |
| What Is Feline Infectious Anaemia (FIA) And Who Does It Effect? | -Caused by mycoplasma haemofelis (most severe), mycoplasma haemominutum, mycoplasma turicensis. -Can effect any cat, though males that are allowed to roam outdoors are most common. |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Feline Infectious Anaemia (FIA) And How Is It Transmitted? | -6-17 days. -Transmitted through direct contact such as bites, and vectors (fleas). |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Feline Infectious Anaemia (FIA) and How Can It Be Treated? | -Lethargy, anorexia, anaemia, pale mucous membranes, increased heart and respiratory rate, fever. -Isolation, antibiotics, IVFT, blood transfusions, flea treatments, encouragement with eating. |
| What Are The Two Main Diseases That Rabbits Are Vaccinated Against? | -Myxomatosis. -Viral haemorrhagic disease (RHD). |
| What Is Myxomatosis And Who Does It Effect? | -A fatal viral disease known to affect wild and domestic rabbits. Caused by the myxoma virus. |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Myxomatosis And How Is It Transmitted? | -5 days. -Transmitted mainly by biological vectors (fleas). |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Myxomatosis and How Can It Be Treated? | -Bulging eyes, swelling around the head, face, ears, lips, anus and genitalia, blindness, respiratory disease, death - euthanasia is recommended. -No treatment, focus on supporting care and prevention through vaccination and flea control. |
| What Is Viral Haemorrhagic Disease And Who Does It Effect? | -A fatal viral disease known to affect wild and domestic rabbits. -Caused by a calicivirus. |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Viral Haemorrhagic Disease And How Is It Transmitted? | -1-3 days. -Transmitted mainly by biological vectors and direct/indirect contact with infected rabbits. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Viral Haemorrhagic Disease and How Can It Be Treated? | -Depression, collapse, dyspnoea, convulsions, pyrexia, lethargy and bleeding from the nose. Euthanasia is recommended -No treatment, focus on supporting care and prevention through vaccination and flea control. |
| What Is Salmonellosis And Who Does It Effect? | -Zoonotic bacterium of the salmonella spp. -Bacterium normally indigenous in the intestinal tract of healthy animals but can cause systemic disease. -Effects mammals, birds and reptiles, young, geriatric and immunocompromised animals. |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Salmonellosis And How Is It Transmitted? | -6-72 hours. -Transmitted via direct contact (ingested via faecal contamination of food, water and fomites). |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Salmonellosis and How Can It Be Treated? | -Anorexia, depression, gastrointestinal signs, dehydration, abdominal pain, pyrexia, weight loss, bacteraemia (presence of bacteria in the blood). -Isolation and management of clinical signs, IVFT, antibiotics, nutrition and hygiene. |
| What Is Campylobacteriosis And Who Does It Effect? | -Zoonotic bacterium of the campylobacter spp. -Effects mammals, young and geriatric animals and immunocompromised animals. |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Campylobacteriosis And How Is It Transmitted? | -2-4 days. -Transmitted via direct contact, ingestion of undercooked raw food, contaminated water or faeces from an infected animal, indirect contact via food/water bowls. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Campylobacteriosis And How Can It Be Treated? | -Gastrointestinal signs, watery mucoid diarrhoea, faecal tenesmus (straining), depression, inappetence. -Treatment similar to salmonellosis, IVFT, isolation, antibiotics, etc. |
| What Is Nasal Aspergillosis And Who Does It Effect? | -Fungus known as aspergillus fumigatus. -Fungi present in environment and soil. -Ubiquitous (present) in the nasal passageways of healthy dogs. -More common in dolichocephalic breeds, and rare in cats. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Nasal Aspergillosis And How Can It Be Treated? | -Unilateral or bilateral mucopurulent discharge, epistaxis (nose bleeds), nasal ulceration, facial pain and distortion. -Treatments is often difficult, use of antifungals, analgesia and control of epistaxis. |
| What Is Pyometra And Who Does It Effect? | -Infection of the uterus. -Can be open or closed pyometra (uterus fills with pus). -Reproductive emergency emergency. -Effects older dogs 4-6 weeks post season, not often seen in cats. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Pyometra And How Can It Be Treated? | -Vomiting, diarrhoea, PUPD, weakness, lethargy, purulent vaginal discharge (open pyometra only), abdominal pain, pyrexia, shock, collapse. -Treatment usually involves spaying, can be medically managed with hormones (but likely to return). |
| What Is Leishmaniasis And Who Does It Effect? | -Protozoa known as leishmania (not seen in UK - prevented by new vaccination). -Zoonotic, effecting mammals. |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Leishmaniasis And How Is It Transmitted? | -3 months to 7 years. -Transmitted via biological vector (sandfly). |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Leishmaniasis And How Can It Be Treated? | -Chronic weight loss, skin and ocular lesions, lameness and enlarged lymph nodes. -Isolation, manage clinical signs, IVFT, antibiotics, hygiene and nutrition. |
| What Is Babesiosis And Who Does It Effect? | -Protozoa known as babesia canis (not often seen in UK, endemic to foreign countries). -Effects dogs. |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Babesiosis And How Is It Transmitted? | -10-20 days. -Transmitted via biological vector (species of tick). |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Babesiosis And How Can It Be Treated? | -Protozoa invades RBCs leading to anaemia, fever, jaundice, discolouration of urine. -Isolation and management of clinical signs, IVFT and blood transfusion, use of antiprotozoal drugs. |
| What Is Rabies And Who Does It Effect? | -Caused by a lyssavirus (rhabdoviridae). -Fatal zoonotic disease. -Not currently in UK, endemic in other countries. -Effects all warm-blooded animals. |
| What Is The Incubation Period For Rabies And How Is It Transmitted? | -12 days to 1 year. -Transmitted via direct contact through saliva in bite wounds or abrasions. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Rabies And How Can It Be Treated? | -Excitative (furious - hyperactive and aggressive) and paralytic (dumb - paralysis leading to coma) stages, effecting central nervous system. -No treatment, usually fatal, isolation required and DEFRA will need to be contacted, leading to PTS. |
| What Is Dermatophytosis And Who Does It Effect? | -Known as ringworm. -Fungal agents trichophyton mentagrophytes, microsporum canis. -Effects companion animals, horses, farm animals, and humans (zoonotic). |
| What Is the Incubation Period For Dermatophytosis And How Is It Transmitted? | -7-14 days. -Direct contact or indirect contact via mechanical vectors. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Dermatophytosis And How Can It Be Treated? | -Alopecia, peripheral erythema, scaling, crusty skin, damaged fur, itching, irritation. -Topical and systemic antifungals. |
| What Is The Chain Of Infection? | -The certain steps required in order for a disease to be transmitted from one animal to another. |
| What Are The First Three Links of The Chain Of Infection? | Infectious agent - micro-organism. Reservoirs - initial host allowing pathogen to grow (may be living organism or environment). Mode of exit - Route in which the pathogen leaves the reservoir (droplets, excretions etc). |
| What Are The Last Three Links Of The Chain Of Infection? | Mode of transmission - way in which pathogen is transported to a new host (direct contact, fomites). Mode of entry - route the pathogen takes to enter a new host (broken skin, GI tract). Susceptible host - animal exposed to the pathogen. |
| What Are The Aims Of Infection Control? | -To reduce the amount of pathogens or remove pathogen from the reservoir. -To prevent pathogens reaching a susceptible site in sufficient numbers to cause an infection. |
| How Can Infection Be Prevented? | Cleaning and disinfection, isolation of cases, barrier nursing, sterilisation of equipment, ventilation, hygiene, premises design. |
| What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Alcohol As A Disinfectant? | -Effective against bacteria, fungi and some viruses. -Not sporicidal. -Non-penetrating. -Effective against MRSA. -Flammable. -Irritant. |
| What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Chlorohexidine Gluconate As A Disinfectant? | -Effective against gram positive bacteria, fungi and some viruses. -Inactivated by organic matter, soaps, plastics. -Unaffected by bodily fluids. -Good for skin disinfection (non irritant - do not use on eyes however). -6 hours residual activity. |
| What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Iodine As A Disinfectant? | -Effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi and some spores. -Inactivated by organic matter. -Corrodes metal and stains. -Used as a skin antiseptic (Povidone iodine) for eyes etc. -Some people may be allergic. |
| What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC) As A Disinfectant? | -Effective against bacteria (gram +ve) and fungi. -Limited viricidal activity. -A low level disinfectant. -Suitable for low risk areas – offices/corridors. -Inactivated by hard water and organic matter. |
| What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Chlorine As A Disinfectant? | -Effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi and spores. -Cheap. -Corrosive and bleaching may occur. -Strong vapours produced that can be irritant. |
| What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Halogenated Tertiary Amines (Safe4 And Anigene) As A Disinfectant? | -Contain QAC. -Effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi and spores. -Not inactivated by organic matter. -Irritant when concentrate. -Low toxicity. -Low corrosion. |
| What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Peroxygen Compounds As A Disinfectant? | -Effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi and variable action against spores. -Efficiency reduced in presence of organic matter. -Irritant in powder form. -Corrosive to some metals. |
| What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Phenols (Dettol) As A Disinfectant? | -Effective against bacteria and fungi. -Variable action against viruses and poor against spores. -Low to intermediate level disinfectant. -Not inactivated by organic matter. -Toxic to skin. -Irritant, strong smelling. -Highly toxic to cats. -Cheap. |
| What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Aldehydes As A Disinfectant? | -Effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi and spores. -Slow acting. -Not inactivated by organic matter. -Highly irritant – toxic to skin, eyes and mucosa (so not commonly used). -H&S precautions needed. |
| Why Do Veterinary Practices Need An Isolation Ward? | To prevent possibly contagious patients transmitting disease to other patients in the centre environment. |
| What Main Features Make An Isolation Ward? | -Separate from main ward and completely self-contained. -Fully equipped. -Warning signs. -Foot bath at doorway. -Stainless steel kennels and easy to clean surfaces. |
| What PPE Must Be Worn While In The Isolation Ward? | -Aprons. -Gloves. -Shoe covers. -Mask. -Hat. |
| Define Barrier Nursing | The prevention of the spread of disease to inpatients through providing a barrier between the patient and staff (usually involving PPE). |
| Define Sterilisation | The removal of all microorganisms, including spores. |
| What Are The Three Methods Of Sterilisation? | 1) Cold sterilisation. 2) Dry heat. 3) Steam under pressure. |
| How Is Cold Sterilisation Used? | -Through the use of ethylene oxide gas and ionising radiation (cold chemicals). |
| What Is Dry Heat Sterilisation And What Are Some Advantages/Disadvantages Of This Method? | -Use of a hot air oven. -Microorganisms are more resistant to this than moist heat. -Higher temperatures required. -Small and economical to run. -Items need time to cool. -Not suitable for paper, plastic, fabrics. |
| What Is Heat Under Pressure Sterilisation And What Are Some Advantages/Disadvantages Of This Method? | -Use of an autoclave. -Water boils at 100˚C (does not kill all microoganisms). -Increasing the pressure increases the temp further, killing remaining microorganisms. -Very commonly used in vet practices (vital autoclave is able to get up to heat). |
| How Do Antibiotics Work To Treat Disease? | Some antibiotics are bacteriostatic = inhibit growth and multiplication of bacteria so that the body can easily destroy the threat. Some are bacteriocidal - Disrupts and kills bacterial cells. |
| Why Do Antibiotics Not Kill Viruses? | -Viruses have different structures and metabolic processes to bacteria. -Harness host cell mechanisms for reproduction – antibiotics do not affect host cell mechanisms. |
| Define Antibiotic Resistance? | The ability of a microorganism to survive and multiply in the presence of an antimicrobial agent that would normally inhibit or kill it. |
| How Is Antibiotic Resistance Spread? | Within bacteria = horizontal gene transfer, transformation, transduction, conjugation, plasmids. Outside of bacteria = Vertical gene transfer (parent to offspring). |
| What Is MRSA, And What Does MRSA Stand For? | -Extremely resistant nosocomial infection, zoonotic. -Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. |
| What Is A Nosocomial Infection? | Infection acquired in a hospital or healthcare environment. |
| How Is MRSA Transmitted? | Direct contact = hand-to-hand. Fomites = communal patient items. Environment = e.g. door handles, sinks. |
| What Are The Pre-disposing Factors Of A Patient Developing MRSA? | -Overuse of antibiotics. -Intravenous catheterisation. -Surgical procedures. -Age of patient. -Chronic disease. -Immune-suppressive treatment. -Long periods of hospitalisation. -Urinary catheterisation. |
| How Can MRSA Be Prevented/Managed? | -Isolation of any cases. -General hygiene and disinfection with a suitable product. |
| Why Is Antibiotic Resistance Such A Big Problem? | No new antibiotics have been discovered recently. |
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