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ITAH - Immunology
Immunology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What Are The Two Divisions Of Immunity? | -Innate (non-specific) immunity. -Acquired (specific) immunity. |
| What Is Preventative Innate Immunity? | Division of innate immunity that prevents the entry of a pathogen into the body through mechanisms such as the skin, or mucous linings. |
| What Is Defensive Innate Immunity? | Division of innate immunity providing a non-specific response to any pathogen entering the body. The body will use mechanisms such as phagocytosis by white blood cells and inflammation. |
| What Are The Stages Of Inflammation? | 1) Damaged cells release chemical signals. 2) Nearby capillaries dilate and become more permeable. 3) Fluid and clotting agents move from the blood to the site of injury. 4) Chemokines and other chemotactic factors attract phagocytes from the blood. |
| What Is Acquired Immunity? | Specific immune response that comes into play after the failure of the innate immune system to destroy the threat. |
| What Is An Antigen? | A molecule that stimulates an immune response, for example, a protein on the surface of a bacterial cell. |
| What Is An Antibody? | Specialized proteins produced by B-lymphocytes in response to an antigen. |
| Where Are B And T Lymphocytes Produced? | -T-Lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow and mature in the thymus. -B-Lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow. |
| How Does Acquired Immunity Work? | -B-Cells bind to foreign antigens, this antigen is then displayed on the cell surface. -T-Lymphocytes then recognise and bind to this antigen. -This causes the lymphocyte to divide, creating helper, suppressor, and cytotoxic T-cells. |
| What Do Helper T-Cells Do? | Helper T-cells cause B-lymphocytes to rapidly divide (clonal expansion) and produce antibodies which circulate in the blood and lymph. These antibodies bind to any antigen identical to the original antigen, flagging the pathogen up for destruction. |
| What Do Cytotoxic T-Cells Do? | Engulf and destroy pathogens. |
| What Are Memory Cells? | A small portion of B-lymphocytes capable of producing antibodies at a low rate for a long time that respond quickly when the antigen is encountered again. |
| What Do Suppressor T-Cells Do? | Block the actions of other types of lymphocytes, to keep the immune system from becoming over-active. |
| What Are Vaccines? | Dead or inactive pathogens in a base. |
| What Is An Advantage To Live Vaccines? | The organism may multiply in the body - a much greater stimulus is produced and a longer lasting immunity can result even from single vaccination. |
| What Is A Disadvantage To Live Vaccines? | The organisms may revert to their original virulent form and produce disease. |
| What Is Passive Acquired Immunity? | The transfer of active humoral immunity of ready-made antibodies. Can be given naturally through colostrum, or artificially through antisera. Short term protection. |
| Define Inflammation? | The vascular and cellular response to injury, infection, burns, irritants and toxins in cells and tissues. |
| What Is Gingivitis? | Inflammation of the gums. |
| What Is Conjunctivitis? | Inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye. |
| What Is Necrosis? | Degeneration and death of tissue within the living body. |
| What Is Acute Inflammation and How Long Does It Last? | The immediate and rapid response to injury. Can last minutes or days. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of Acute Inflammation? | -Heat and redness (due to increased blood flow to the tissue). -Swelling (due to the exudation of fluid into the tissue from the blood). -Pain (due to stimulation of nerve endings). -Loss of function. |
| What Are Some Reasons As To Why Inflammation Might Occur? | -Infection. -Immune response. -Hypersensitivity. -Physical causes (trauma, temperature, radiation, chemicals). -Presence of necrotic tissue. |
| What Are The Three Phases To Inflammation? | -Vascular (vasodilation). -Exudative (exudation of fluid into tissue). -Cellular (white blood cells enter tissue). |
| What Two Types Of White Blood Cell Are Commonly Involved In Inflammation? | Macrophages and Neutrophils. |
| What Is Pus? | Collection of dead and dying white blood cells, inflammatory exudate, dead pathogens, etc. |
| What Is An Abscess? | A localised collection of pus contained within tissue. |
| What Are The Systemic Effects Of Acute Inflammation? | -Pyrexia. -Pain. -Depression. -Anorexia. -Weight loss. |
| What Are The Harmful Consequences To Acute Inflammation? | -Excessive tissue damage. -Systemic effects may be severe. -Excessive loss of serum. -Vasculitis. -Hypersensitivity reaction. -Abscessation. |
| When Does Inflammation Become Chronic? | When the inflammatory response lasts for more than 10-14 days. |
| What Signs May Be Seen In The Skin As A Result Of Chronic Inflammation? | Hyperplasia - increase in amount of cells. Hypertrophy - increase in size of cells. Granulomas - bodies attempt to wall off the inflammation from the rest of the body. |
| What May Have Caused Chronic Inflammation? | -Complications during acute inflammation. -Gossypiboma (retained foreign object). |
| What Are The Harmful Consequences To Chronic Inflammation? | Long term disease, weight loss, malnutrition, increased infection risk, necrosis. |
| What Are The Two Main Types Of Stem Cell? | -Embryonic stem cell (able to divide continuously and are responsible for the production of all cells types) -Tissue/adult stem cell (responsible for the replenishment of many differentiated cells that require replacement (not all)). |
| What Are Some Therapeutic Uses Of Stem Cells? | -Making new brain cells (e.g. Parkinson’s disease). -Restoration of bones and cartilage. -Bone marrow transplants. |
| What Is The Only Tissue In The Body Incapable Of Healing? | Teeth (made up of some non-cellular material, and reduced blood supply). |
| What Systemic Factors Are Needed For Healing To Take Place? | -Good nutritional status. -Good general health. |
| What Factors Would Decrease Healing? | -Uncontrolled diabetes. -Hypothyroidism. -Hyperadrenocorticism. -Renal or hepatic disease. -Severe cardiovascular disease. -Some drug therapies. |
| What Are The Three Ways In Which A Wound Can Heal? | Primary Intention - surrounding tissue is brought together with staples/sutures. Secondary Intention - wound is left to heal naturally after granulation tissue forms. Third Intention - wound breaks down due to infection and must be repaired by surgery. |
| For Wounds Healing By Third Intention, What Techniques Are Required Before Surgery? | Debridement and lavage. |
| What Are Some Factors That Promote Healing By Primary Intention? | -Clean. -Moist environment. -Fresh apposed edges. -No patient interference. |
| In What Time Frame Do Wounds Healing By Primary Intention Seal and Then Heal? | -Seal within 6 hours. -Heal within 7-10 days |
| What Are The Three Stages Of Wound Healing? | Inflammatory stage - 0-3 days post injury. Proliferative stage - 3-5 days post injury, formation of granulation tissue. Remodelling stage - days to weeks post injury, granulation tissue replaced by fibrous scar tissue. |
| What Are The Characteristics Of Scar Tissue? | Shiny in appearance, lacking sweat glands, hair follicles and sebaceous glands. |
| What Are The Potential Complications To Wound Healing? | -Haemorrhage. -Haematoma. -Infection. -Seroma. -Dehiscence (drying out and breakdown of wound). -Oedema. |
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aimee_knows_nothing
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