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POVN - Monitoring

Monitoring

QuestionAnswer
When In The Veterinary Practice Do We Carry Out A Full Physical Examination? -During initial admission of the patient. -Intermittently throughout hospitalisation.
Following Physical Examination, What Should Also Be Assessed In Our Patients? -Temperament. -Behaviour. -Body language and general demeanour.
What Methodical Approach Should Be Taken With Full Physical Examinations? Start with the head and progress to the tail.
What Types Of Thermometer Can Be Used To Record Temperature? Digital (rectal) thermometer - core temperature. Mercury thermometer - care required, mercury within is toxic. Aural thermometer - via ear. Subdermal thermometer - via skin (microchip). Oesophageal temperature probe - core temperature.
Define Hyperthermia An increase in body temperature due to a failure of the bodies cooling mechanisms.
Define Pyrexia An elevated body temperature due to fever in response to an infection or inflammatory process (protective response).
Define Hypothermia A decrease in body temperature.
What Animals Have An Increased Risk Of Catching Hypothermia? -Neonates. -Animals under sedation/general anaesthetic. -Animals with severe disease or shock. -Animals overexposed to a cold environment.
What Is A Diphasic Temperature? A fluctuating temperature. Common symptom of canine distemper virus.
What Are The Main Pulse Points? -Carpal pulse. -Lingual pulse. -Coccygeal pulse. -Femoral pulse. -Dorsal metatarsal pulse.
What Creates A Strong Pulse Point? When an artery runs close to peripheral tissue.
What Is Sinus Arrhythmia? In a normal healthy patient, the pulse should increase on inspiration and decrease on expiration.
What Does A Weak Pulse Signify? -Hypovolaemia. -Cardiac disease.
What Is A Hyperdynamic Pulse? A strong and jerky pulse. Compensatory mechanism for hypovolaemia or cardiac disease.
Define Hypovolaemia? A state of low extracellular fluid volume, generally secondary to combined sodium and water loss.
What Is Pulse Deficit? A pulse rate that does not correspond to the heart rate. If this is detected, electrocardiography should be performed.
Define Tachycardia An increased pulse and heart rate.
What Are The Causes Of Tachycardia? -Stress. -Pain. -Pyrexia. -Exercise. -Excitement. -Disease processes. -Hypovolaemia.
Define Bradycardia A decreased pulse and heart rate.
What Are The Causes Of Bradycardia? -Unconsciousness. -Sleep. -Drug induced. -Extremely fit. -Cardiac arrhythmias. -Hypothermia. -Hibernation. -Anaesthesia.
What Is The Best Time To Assess A Patients Respiratory Rate? When the patient is in a calm state, prior to handling.
Define Tachypnoea An increased respiratory rate.
What Are The Causes Of Tachypnoea? -Excitement. -Pain. -Exercise. -Pyrexia or hyperthermia. -Stress. -Fear.
Define Bradypnoea A decreased respiratory rate.
What Are The Causes Of Bradypnoea? -Sleep/hibernation. -Relaxed patients. -Brain & neck trauma. -Hypothermia. -Anaesthesia.
Define Dyspnoea Difficulty breathing.
What Are The Causes Of Dyspnoea? -Obstruction of the airway. -Respiratory tract disease. -Lung pathology. -Trauma of the thorax. -Increased pressure on the diaphragm (from abdominal organs).
What Are The Clinical Signs Of Dyspnoea? -Cyanosis. -Abducted elbows. -Paradoxical abdominal movements. -Hypersalivation. -Open mouth breathing. -Extended neck. -Dilated pupils. -Collapse.
What Is Cheyne-Stokes Respiration? Abnormal breathing - part of the dying process. Alternating periods of shallow breathing with periods of deeper, rapid breathing followed by apnoea (cessation of breathing).
What Is The Normal Temperature Range Of A Canine Patient? 38.3-39.2 degrees.
What Is The Normal Temperature Range Of A Feline Patient? 38.2-38.6 degrees.
What Is The Normal Temperature Range Of A Rabbit? 38.5-40.0 degrees.
What Is The Normal Reference Range For Heart Rate In A Canine Patient? 70-140bpm.
What Is The Normal Reference Range For Heart Rate In A Feline Patient? 100-200bpm.
What Is The Normal Reference Range For Heart Rate In A Rabbit? 130-325bpm.
What Is The Normal Reference Range For Respiration In A Canine Patient? 10-30 breaths per min.
What Is The Normal Reference Range For Respiration In A Feline Patient? 20-30 breaths per min.
What Is The Normal Reference Range For Respiration In A Rabbit? 30-60 breaths per mins.
What Is The Normal Colour For Mucous Membranes? Salmon pink.
What Do Pale Mucous Membranes Signify? -Poor perfusion. -Could be due to haemorrhage, shock, anaemia, and severe vasoconstriction.
What Do Cyanotic (Blue/Purple) Mucous Membranes Signify? -Insufficient oxygen transport/volume resulting in hypoxia. -Due to respiratory obstruction (dyspnoea). *Chow chows have naturally blue tongues*
What Do Icteric (Jaundiced) Mucous Membranes Signify? -Increased concentration of bilirubin. -Could be due to liver disease, bile flow obstruction, erythrocyte destruction.
What Do Petechiae Mucous Membranes Signify? -Clotting disorders. -Could be due to von willebrand’s disease, poisoning (anticoagulant rodenticides).
What Do Congested (Brick Red) Mucous Membranes Signify? Sepsis, fever, congestion, severe tissue damage, or excitement.
What Do Cherry Red Mucous Membranes Signify? Carbon monoxide poisoning.
What Do Chocolate Brown Mucous Membranes Signify? Paracetamol poisoning.
What Is The Normal Capillary Refill Time? <2 secs.
What Might A Capillary Refill Time Of >2 Secs Indicate? Shock, dehydration, hypovolaemia, hypotension, cardiac failure.
What Is The Common Route Of Administration For Subcutaneous Injections? Into the scruff.
What Are The Common Routes Of Administration For Intramuscular Injections? Quadriceps, trapezius, epaxial muscles.
What Are The Commonly used IV Injection Sites? -Cephalic vein. -Lateral saphenous vein. -Jugular vein -Marginal ear vein.
What Are The Major Lymph Nodes? -Submandibular lymph node. -Prescapular lymph node. -Auxiliary lymph node. -Inguinal nymph node. -Popliteal lymph node.
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