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ITAH - Microbiology
Pathology + Microbiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Pathology | The study of disease. |
| How Can Veterinary Pathology Improve Animal Health? | -Diagnosing disease (examining tissues and body fluids). -Providing a prognosis. -Conducting research (developing new methods to prevent and treat diseases). |
| What Is A Disease? | A condition of the whole or part of an animal that impairs normal functioning. |
| What Is The Difference Between a Diagnosis and a Prognosis? | Diagnosis = identification of a disease through examination of clinical signs. Prognosis = the likely outcomes a disease will have on an infected individual. |
| What Is Aetiology? | The cause of the disease. |
| What Is An Aetiological Agent? | Agent causing damage to cells and tissues, causing lesions to form. Results in clinical signs. |
| What Are The Three Main Classifications of Aetiological Agent? | External agents - physical changes, chemical changes and biological changes (microorganisms). Internal defects. External deficiencies. |
| Define Incubation Period | Length of time it takes from the aetiological agent entering the body, to clinical signs showing. |
| What Are The Four Main Types Of Disease? | -Infectious disease. -Deficiency disease. -Genetic disease (hereditary and non-hereditary). -Physiological disease. |
| Define Infectious Disease | A disease caused by a biological agent. |
| Define Contagious Disease | An infectious disease that is spread from one animal to another. |
| Define Pathogenicity | The inherent genetic ability of the infectious agent to cause disease. |
| Define Virulence | The ability of an infectious agent to cause disease after entering the host. |
| Give Some General Examples Of Diseases Which Are Non-Infectious? | -Toxicity. -Neoplasia. -Congenital. -Hereditary. -Endocrine. -Immune mediated. -Metabolic. -Degenerative. -Traumatic. |
| What Responses Can The Body Have To Disease? | -Degeneration. -Necrosis. -Inflammation. -Repair and remodelling. -Scaring. |
| Define Microbiology | The study of microorganisms. |
| What Are The Five Main Microorganisms? | -Bacteria -Viruses -Protozoa -Algae -Fungi |
| Out Of The Five Main Microorganisms, Which Are Considered Cellular? | Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa. |
| Out Of The Five Main Microorganisms, Which Are Considered Acellular? | Viruses. |
| Why Are Viruses Considered Acellular? | -Viruses are obligate intracellular parasitic particles. -Viruses do not have a cell wall, nucleus or cell organelles. -Viruses do not replicate by cell division, they usually need to invade host cells to replicate. -Viruses are very small. |
| Out Of The Five Main Microorganisms, Which Are Considered As Eukaryotes? | Fungi, algae, protozoa. |
| Out Of The Five Main Microorganisms, Which Are Considered As Prokaryotes? | Bacteria. |
| What Are The Characteristics Of A Eukaryotic Cell? | -Membrane bound nucleus. -Complex structure. -Organelles. |
| What Are The Characteristics Of A Prokaryotic Cell? | -No nucleus, genetic information is condensed in a mass towards the centre of the cell known as the nucleoid. -No membrane-bound organelles. -Smaller and simpler. |
| Name The Organelles Found In A Eukaryotic Cell | -Mitochondria. -Lysosomes. -Endoplasmic reticulum. -Golgi apparatus. -Ribosomes. |
| Name The Structures Found In A Prokaryotic Cell | -Flagellum. -Capsule layer. -Cell wall. -Cell membrane. -Cytoplasm. -Nucleoid. -Plasmid. -Ribosomes. -Pili. |
| What Is The Function Of Flagella and Pili In A Bacterial Cell? | Flagella = tail like structure allowing the bacteria to swim. Pili = hair like structures allowing the bacteria to move and attach to cells. |
| What Is The Function Of The Three Layers Of A Bacterial Cell? | Capsule = outer layer providing protection from environment. Cell wall = rigid layer providing structure and support. Cell membrane = allowing for the transport of nutrients and waste products in and out of the cell. |
| What Is The Function Of The Cytoplasm Within A Bacterial Cell? | Aqueous fluid containing the nuclear material, ribosomes, nutrients and enzymes. |
| What Is The Function Of Ribosomes Within A Bacterial Cell? | Protein synthesis. |
| What Two Groups Can Bacteria Be Classified Into and What Structural Differences Do They Have? | Gram positive bacteria (purple stain) - thick peptidoglycan layer. Gram negative bacteria (pink stain) - thin peptidoglycan layer and additional cell membrane. |
| How Do Antibacterials Work? | -Prevent peptidoglycan production. -Affect the functioning and development of the capsule layer. -Damage cell walls. -Damage of dissolve cell membrane. -Supress pili adherence to cells. -Prevent ribosomes from performing protein synthesis. |
| How Do Bacteria Replicate? | Rapidly by binary fission (form of asexual reproduction). |
| What Is Produced As Of A Result Of Binary Fission? | Two identical daughter cells (clones). |
| What Are The Four Steps Of Binary Fission? | -The bacterial cell begins to elongate, and replicates its DNA. -DNA travels to opposite ends of the cell, and the cell membrane begins to constrict. -The cell membrane forms a cross wall. -The cell separates into two daughter cells. |
| What Is A Disadvantage To Binary Fission? | All clones will be susceptible to the same environmental/chemical threat (limited genetic diversity). |
| What Causes A Mutation In Bacteria and Why Can This Be Beneficial? | -Mistakes can be made during the first step of binary fission, the replication of DNA. -This can result in genetic diversity, as bacterial cells emerge resistant to some things that other bacterial cells are not. |
| What Is Generation Time (Binary Fission)? | The time required for one bacterial cell to divide into two daughter cells. |
| What Factors Can Effect Generation Time (Binary Fission)? | -Nutrients. -Oxygen. -PH. -Temperature. |
| What Is The Generation Time For E.Coli? | 20 minutes. |
| What Are The Four Stages Of Bacterial Growth and What Happens During Each Of Them? | Lag Phase = bacteria begin adapting to new environment. Log (exponential) Phase = period of rapid growth. Stationary Phase = plateau, bacteria stop replicating due to a change. Death Phase = bacteria begin to die. |
| How Do Bacteria Cause Disease? | -Using the host’s nutrients. -Causing direct damage to host cells. -Producing toxins. |
| What Is The Difference Between A Pure and Mixed Bacterial Specimen? | -A mixed specimen will contain multiple species of bacteria, the agar plate will contain colonies of different textures, sizes etc. -A pure specimen will only contain one bacterial species, uniform appearance on agar. |
| What Are The Two Methods In Which Bacteria Can Be Grown In The Lab? | -On the surface of a growth medium (agar plate). -Contained within the growth medium itself (infusion media). |
| What Is An Agar Plate? | A sterile petri dish containing a growth medium (usually agar with nutrients). |
| What Is Agar? | A gelatinous material extracted from seaweed that is used to form a solid base for bacteriological culture medium. |
| What Can Agar Plates Be Used To Determine? | -The amount of organisms in a specimen. -Treatment courses for animals. |
| What Is A Defined Medium Agar Plate? | -Where the exact molecular composition is known. |
| What Is Complex Medium Agar Plate? | -Where the precise composition is unknown and variable. |
| What Is A Permissive Agar Plate? | Allowing the growth of any microorganisms present. |
| What Is A Selective Agar Plate? | Allowing the growth of certain bacteria and supressing the growth of others. |
| What Is A Differential Agar Plate? | Agar which changes colour to indicate the presence of different bacteria. |
| What Is An Enriched Media Agar Plate? | Containing additional nutrients to encourage growth of bacteria normally present in small numbers. |
| What Is Blood Agar? | An enriched agar with mammalian blood at a concentration of 8-10%. It is a differential media, which identifies the haemolytic activity of bacteria. |
| What Are The Three Different Types Of Haemolysis? | Alpha Haemolysis = partial breakdown of RBCs, creates a green band around the bacterial colony. Beta Haemolysis = complete haemolysis, creates a transparent band around the bacterial colony. Gamma Haemolysis = no haemolysis present. |
| Define Haemolysis | The rupture of red blood cells. |
| What Is MaConkey's Agar? | Selective agar containing crystal violet and bile salts which inhibit the growth of most gram positive bacteria. It is also differential, and changes colour depending on whether the bacteria can ferment lactose (stains pink). |
| What Is A Nutrient Broth Infusion Media? | -Complex media in a liquid form. -Prepared by boiling ground meat with water and filtering off the solid material to make an infusion. -The exact composition of this medium is not known. |
| How Can You Tell That Bacteria Has Grown On Nutrient Broth Infusion Media? | Growth is determined from the turbidity (cloudiness) of the broth. |
| What Is The Poured Plate Technique With Bacteria Culturing? | -Bacteria is mixed with liquefied agar and poured out into a plate and then allowed to cool. -Good technique to culture anaerobic bacteria. |
| What Factors Affect Bacterial Growth? | -PH (most bacteria grow at or around neutral). -Oxygen (bacteria can be obligate anaerobes, aerobes or facultative anaerobes - can survive with or without oxygen). -Temperature (most bacteria thrive at body temperature). -light (phototrophic bacteria). |
| What Information Is Needed In Order To Identify A Bacteria Species? | -Colony morphology. -Motility. -Biochemical reactions. -Growth on differential media. -Haemolysis. -Gram stain. -Cell morphology. |
| What Key Features Are Used To Describe The Morphology Of A Colony? | -Size. -Shape. -Colour. -Surface. -Texture. -Elevation. |
| What Are The Five Basic Bacterial Cell Shapes? | Cocci - circular shape. Bacilli - rod shape. -Vibrio - comma shape. -Spirillum - corkscrew spiral. -Spirochete - helical spiral. |
| What Prefixes Can Be Used To Describe Bacterial Cell Groupings? | Diplo - pair of cells. Strepto - chain of cells. Staphylo - cluster of cells. |
| What Are The Five Steps Of Bacterial Gram Staining? | 1) Fixation on slide. 2) Crystal violet stain. 3) Iodine treatment. 4) Decolourisation with alcohol. 5) Counter stain with safranin. |
| What Are The Two Types Of Bacterial Cell Motility? | True motility = movement of an individual cell amongst other cells. Brownian movement = moving/shifting of cells or particles with little movement relative to the other. |
| What Are The Steps Of The Bacterial Catalase Test And What Does It Test For? | -Testing for the presence of the catalase enzyme, breaks down hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water. -To test, mix one colony with a drop of hydrogen peroxide and examine for bubbles. |
| What Are The Steps Of The Bacterial Oxidase Test and What Does It Test For? | -Testing for the presence of cytochrome c oxidase. This will rapidly oxidise certain dyes which are colourless in the reduced state, to coloured forms. -To test, mix one colony with 3-4 drops of oxidase reagent and examine for an immediate colour change. |
| What Are API Plates (Bacterial Identification)? | -Commercial identification systems combing a multitude of tests to identify a bacteria. |
| What Is Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing Used For? | - To decide which antimicrobial should be used to treat a condition. -Determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) i.e. the lowest dose that will have the desired effect. |
| What Is Virology? | The study of viruses and viral diseases. |
| What Is A Virus Known As When Fully Assembled and Infectious But Outside Of A Host Cell? | A virion. |
| What Is The Structure Of A Virus? | Composed of a core: single strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a capsid layer. Some viruses are surrounded by an additional envelope layer which may or may not have spikes. |
| What Are The Four Different Classifications Of Virus? | Helical viruses. Polyhedral viruses. Enveloped viruses. Complex viruses (bacteriophage). |
| What Are The Five Steps Of Viral Replication? | 1) Attachment to host cell (proteins in capsid or envelope layer attach to host receptors). 2) Entering the host. 3) Uncoating (capsid breaks down releasing viral DNA). 4) Replication and assembly. 5) Release from host. |
| What Are The Two Different Ways In Which A Virus Can Enter A Host Cell? | Endocytosis = host cell membrane surrounds and engulfs virus. Fusion = virus envelope fuses with host cell membrane and releases capsid into cell. |
| What Are The Two Different Ways In Which A Virus Can Exit A Host Cell? | Budding = host cells membrane becomes envelope of viruses (eventually leading to cell death). Lysis = host cells bursts open (leading to cell death). |
| What Are Three Ways In Which Viruses Can Be Cultured In The Lab? | -Cell cultures (suitable cells placed in sterile culture medium). -Embryonated eggs (virus injected into egg). -Through experimentation on animals or plants. |
| What Is The Cytopathic Effect? | Structural changes caused by viral invasion such as lysis. |
| What Is Mycology? | The study of fungi and fungal diseases. |
| What Are The Two Classifications Of Fungi? | -Moulds. -Yeasts. |
| What Are The Characteristics Of Moulds? | -Multicellular. -Made of thin filaments (threads) of cells called hyphae. -Hyphae cells divide to create long and branching chains. As the hyphae grow they intertwine and form a mass called a mycelium. Mycelium can be seen with the naked eye. |
| What Are The Characteristics Of Yeasts? | -Unicellular. -Oval or spherical cells, a similar size to red blood cells. -Colonies often look similar to bacterial colonies. -Some varieties of yeasts produce chains of irregular yeast cells referred to as pseudohyphae. |
| How Do Moulds Reproduce? | -Can reproduce asexually by producing spores (creating a clone). -Can also create sexual spores (involving the mating of two hyphae). |
| How Do Fungal Spores Cause Disease? | Fungal spores will lodge in the nasal passages and deeper in the alveoli leading to mycosis and hypersensitivity reactions. |
| How Do Yeasts Reproduce? | -Cannot produce spores. -Reproduce asexually through budding (cell produces a bud that eventually breaks away from the parent, producing a clone). |
| How Can Fungi Be Cultured In A Lab? | -Fungi can be cultured on growth plates like bacteria. -Sabouraud dextrose agar is used (high sugar concentration, mildly acidic). |
| Do Moulds And Yeasts Require Oxygen To Survive? | -Moulds are aerobes. -Yeasts are facultative anaerobes. |
| What Are The Predisposing Factors To Fungal Infections? | -Anatomy. -Young animals. -Elderly animals. -Use of antibiotics. -Concurrent infections. -Immunosuppression. *Fungi are opportunistic pathogens* |
| What Are Some Examples Of Fungal Infections By Moulds And Yeasts? | Candidiasis (yeast) Malassezia dermatitis (yeast) Aspergillosis (mould) Ringworm (mould) |
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