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ITAH - Parasitology
Ectoparasites + Endoparasites
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Parasite | One eukaryotic organism living off another (host) to the advantage of the parasite and detriment of the host. |
| Define Ectoparasite | Parasite living outside of, or on the host. |
| Define Endoparasite | Parasite living within, or inside the host. |
| What are the Two Classifications of Ectoparasite? | Insect - 3 body sections, six legs. Arachnid - 2 body sections, eight legs. |
| What Structural Feature Do Both Arachnids and Insects Possess? | Chitinous outer shell, or exoskeleton. |
| What Three Parasite Species Come Under The Insect Classification? | Fleas, lice and flies. |
| What Two Parasite Species Come Under The Arachnid Classification? | Mites and ticks. |
| What Are The Common Characteristics Of Fleas? | Wingless, 3 body sections and six legs, around 2mm in length, laterally-compressed body, back legs adapted for jumping. |
| What Are Three Common Flea Sub-Species? | Ctenocephalides felis - cat flea (can also infect dogs). Ctenocephalides canis - dog flea. Archaeopsylla erinacei - hedgehog flea. |
| What Is The Lifecycle For Fleas? | -After feeding and mating female lays eggs. -Eggs hatch within 2-14 days, become larvae. -After a week larvae molt and become pupae. -After 2 days - 2 months pupae molt and become adults. *Ability to survive off of host and within environment* |
| What Are The Signs Of A Flea Infestation? | -Fleas can be seen by naked eye but often difficult to find. -Flea dirt (flea faeces) is more visible on infested animals. -Can use a flea comb and wet paper. -Pruritis and flea allergy dermatitis (hypersensitivity to flea saliva) main symptoms. |
| What Diseases Can Fleas Transmit As Vectors? | Myxomatosis (in rabbits) and tapeworm. |
| What Main Ingredients Are Commonly Used In Flea Treatment Products? | Imidacloprid, permethrin, moxidetcin, fluralaner, nitenpyram, spinosad, fipronil, pyriprole, lufenuron, flumethrin, selamectin. |
| How Else Can Flea Infestations Be Managed? | Treat the environment as well as the animal (vacuuming, flea spray, cleaning of pet beds etc). |
| What Are The Common Characteristics Of Lice? | Wingless, 3 body sections and six legs, live on skin surface. |
| What Are The Two Distinct Categories Of Lice? | Biting lice - feed on skin debris (broad head). Sucking lice - feed on blood (narrow head). |
| What Is The Sub-Species Name Of A Common Canine Sucking louse? | Linognathus setosus. |
| What Are Two Common Biting Lice Sub-Species? | Trichodectes canis - dog biting louse. Felicola subrostratus - cat biting louse. |
| What Are The Clinical Signs Of A Lice Infestation? | -Pruritis -Alopecia -Anaemia (sucking lice) |
| What Is The Lifecycle For Lice? | -Egg, nymph 1, nymph 2, nymph 3, adult. -Takes 14-21 days. -Egg cemented onto hair follicle (nit). |
| How Are Lice Transmitted? | Direct contact, lice are host specific, do not live long in environment. |
| What Main Ingredients Are Commonly Used in Biting Lice Treatment ? | -Imidacloprid -Fipronil -Selamectin *No licensed products for sucking live treatment, however biting lice products will most likely work* |
| What Diseases Do Flies Transmit? | Larvae of greenbottles/bluebottles cause myasis (flystrike) in rabbits. |
| How Can Myasis Be Prevented? | General husbandry as well as the use of products such as such as rearguard (containing cyromazine) - insect growth regulator. |
| What Are The Common Characteristics of Mites? | 2 body sections and eight legs, live on skin surface. |
| What Are The Two Distinct Categories Of Mites? | Surface mite - lives on skin surface. Burrowing mite - tunnels into skin surface. |
| What Is Mange? | Skin disease of domestic animals caused by a number of different mites. |
| What Is The Lifecycle For Mites? | -Egg, larvae, nymph, adult. -Takes 2-3 weeks. -Lifecycle takes place entirely on hosts skin, mite may survive for short periods of time off of host. -Larvae only have 3 pairs of legs. |
| What Is The Sub-Species Name Of A Common Surface Mite? | Cheyletiella. |
| What Are Two Common Burrowing Mite Sub-Species? | Sarcoptes. Demodex. |
| How Can Mites Be Identified On An Animal? | -Skin scrape test. -Microscopy. -Some can be seen with naked eye. |
| What Is The Species Name For Ear Mites? | Otodectes. |
| What Clinical Signs Are Seen With Ear Mites? | -Scratching. -Head shaking. -Brown, waxy discharge. -Otitis externa. |
| How Can An Ear Mite Infestation Be Treated? | Ear drops and spot on treatment. |
| What Clinical Signs Are Seen With Cheyletiella? | -Pruritis. -Alopecia. -Dry, scaling of the skin. |
| What Are Some Sub-Species Of Cheyletiella? | Cheyletiella yasguri - found in dogs. Cheyletiella parasitovorax - found in rabbits. Cheyletiella blakei - found in cats. |
| What Mite Is Referred To As 'Walking Dandruff' For Its Appearance? | Cheyletiella. |
| Which Mites Can Also Effect People? | Sarcoptes scabei. Cheyletiella (for a limited time). |
| What Clinical Signs Are Seen With Sarcoptes Scabei? | -Lesions (of the ears, elbows, hocks, sternum). -Pruritis. -Alopecia -Thickening of the skin. |
| Are Sarcoptes Scabei Host Specific? | Yes, but can move between hosts. |
| Are Cheyletiella Host Specific? | No, but some species are. |
| What Sub-Species Of Sarcoptes Scabei Infect Dogs? | Sarcoptes scabei var. canis. |
| How Can Pruritis Lead To Secondary Bacterial Infection? | Excessive scratching can cause damage to the skin = abrasion. Bacteria can enter the skin at these open wounds. |
| What Sub-Species Of Sarcoptes Scabei Infect Cats? | Notoedres cati. |
| Where Within The Skin Do Demodex Commonly Live? | Hair follicles and sebaceous glands. |
| What Sub-Species Of Demodex Infect Cats? | Demodex cati. |
| What Sub-Species Of Demodex Infect Dogs? | Demodex canis. |
| How Does Clinical Disease Due To Demodex Occur? | -Demodex makes up part of the skins natural fauna. -Clinical disease occurs when there is a failure of the cell mediated immune response. |
| What Clinical Signs Are Seen With Demodex? | -Pustular inflamed skin. -Thickening of the skin with hair loss. |
| How Can Demodex Be Identified On An Animal? | -Skin scrape test. -Microscopy. -Hair Plucks. |
| How Can A Demodex Infestation Be Treated? | -Experiment with various treatments (difficult to treat). -Treat an underlying cause. |
| What Is The Species Name Of Harvest Mites? | Trombicula autumnalis. |
| What Are The Characteristics Of Harvest Mites? | -Active from july-october. -Feed for 5-7 days on host. -Remainder of lifecycle takes place in environment. -Orange colour. |
| What Main Ingredients Are Commonly Used In Mite Treatment Products? | -Imidacloprid. -Moxidectin. -Amitraz. -Selamectin. -Ivermectin. |
| What Are The Common Characteristics Of Ticks? | 2 body sections and eight legs, flattened dorso-ventrally, expand during feeding, easily seen with naked eye. |
| What Are Some Common Tick Species? | Ixodes ricinus - sheep tick (however not host specific). Ixodes hexagonus. Ixodes canisuga. |
| What Is The Lifecycle For Ticks? | -Ixodes ricinus is a three host tick. -Lifecycle requires three years. -The tick feeds for only a few days each year, as a larvae in the first year, a nymph in the second, and adult in the third. |
| How Are Ticks Transmitted? | Wait in long grass, then attach to host as they walk by. Common attachments sites include head, neck and ears. |
| What Clinical Signs Are Seen With Ticks? | -Clinical signs not usually seen. -Possible allergic reaction to tick bite. -Ticks however can act as vectors for disease. |
| Name Some Disease Transmitted Through Ticks As Vectors? | -Lyme's disease (borreliosis) - bacterial infection. -Looping ill - viral infection. -Babesiosis - RBC disease. -Ehrlichiosis - bacterial infection. |
| What Main Ingredients Are Commonly Used In Tick Treatment Products? | -Fipronil. -Pyriprole. -Deltamethrin. *Can simply remove with tick twister - care to remove mouthpart which can cause infection if left in host* |
| What Are The Two Classifications Of Endoparasite? | Helminths - worms. Protozoa. |
| What Are The Three Classifications Of Helminth? | Cestodes - tapeworms. Nematodes - roundworms. Trematodes - flukes. |
| Define Direct Lifecycle | Parasite reaches sexual maturity on host or environment. |
| Define Indirect Lifecycle | Parasite requires another host for development. |
| Define Definitive Host | Where sexual reproduction of the parasite takes place. |
| Define Intermediate Host | Essential for the parasite’s lifecycle, where the parasite matures. |
| Define Paratenic Host | Not essential for lifecycle but may contain parasite. |
| What Are The Common Characteristics Of Cestodes? | -‘Tape’ like body. -Composed of 3 parts: head (scolex), segments (proglottids), and maturing segments. -Adults live in the intestines of animals. -They have no alimentary tract, so all nutrients are absorbed via the skin. -Hermaphrodites. |
| Define Hermaphrodite | Containing both male and female reproductive parts. |
| How Do Cestodes Reproduce? | -Proglottids become sexually mature as they pass down the strobila. -Reproduction takes place and that proglottid becomes gravid. -Gravid proglottid is shed intact from the strobila and pass out through faeces of host = eggs shed into environment. |
| Define Mechanical Host | Host able to transport parasite from one area to another without being infected themselves. |
| What Is A Strobila? | Collective Term For All Proglottids Of A Cestode. |
| What Are Three Examples Of Cestodes? | Dipylidium caninum. Taenia spp. Echinococcus spp. |
| What Is The Relationship Between Dipylidium Caninum and Fleas. | -Fleas act as intermediate host. -Flea larvae eat the eggs which develop into cysts. -If the host swallows a flea when it grooms itself, the worms are released into the intestines. |
| How Are Cestodes Diagnosed? | -Faecal flotation. -Visual identification. |
| What Main Ingredients Are Commonly Used In Cestode Treatment Products? | Praziquantel. Epsiprantel. |
| What Are The Common Characteristics Of Taenia Spp. Cestodes? | -Found in both dogs and cats, but more commonly in cats. -Commonly transmitted through raw meat. -Intermediate host such as birds, squirrels, mice or even sheep needed to complete lifecycle. |
| What Is The Appearance Of Taenia Spp. Eggs? | Small with a striated shell. |
| What Are Two Taenia Sub-Species? | Taenia taeniaeformis - feline tapeworm, transmitted through raw meat, can grow to 60cm. Taenia hydatigena - canine tapeworm, transmitted through offal, can grow to 500cm. |
| What Are Two Echinococcus Sub-Species? | Echinococcus granulosus - adult tapeworm found in intestines of dogs, eggs can survive in environment for a year, can infect humans and cause hydatid cysts in the liver, lungs, brain. Echinococcus multilocularis - not endemic to UK, can infect humans. |
| What Are The Common Characteristics Of Trematodes? | -30mm long, 13mm wide, leaf-shaped, flat. -Several larval environmental stages. -Intermediate host mainly freshwater snails. |
| Give An Example Of A Trematode Species? | Fasciola hepatica - infects sheep, cows and potentially humans. |
| What Are The Common Characteristics Of Echinococcus Spp. Cestodes? | -Very small, only three segments. |
| What Are The Common Characteristics Of Nematodes? | -Vary in size from fine threadlike worms, to worms that resemble earthworms. -Round in cross section. -Internally have digestive, excretory, nervous and reproductive systems (separate males/females) -Most have a direct lifecycle. |
| What Are Some Species Examples of Nematode? | Toxocara canis. Toxascaris leonina. Angiostrongylus vasorum. Uncinaria - hookworm. Ancylostomum - hookworm. Trichuris vulpi - whipworm. Dirofilaria immitis - heartworm (not in UK). |
| What Are The Common Characteristics Of Toxocara Canis (Roundworm)? | -Found in small intestines of the dog. -Male worms may reach up to 10cm in length and females 18cm. -May shed in excess of 84,000 eggs per worm per day. -Zoonotic. |
| What Makes The Eggs Of Toxocara Canis So Resilient? | -They have a thick shell which provides protection from environmental changes. |
| What Is Hypobiose? | A state of arrested development that nematode larvae may enter when migrating to other tissues within a host. |
| What Is Toxocariasis? | An infection transmitted from animals to humans caused by the toxocara canis parasite. |
| What Is Ocular Larva Migrans? | A rare inflammatory condition of the eye caused by local reactions to the larva of toxocara species. |
| What Are The Four Main Routes Of Infection By Toxocara Canis? | -Via the environment. -Via the placenta. -Trans-mammary. -Via a paratenic host. |
| What Clinical Signs Does The Toxocara Canis Parasite Cause In Puppies? | -Vomiting. -Diarrhoea. -Constipation. -Ill-thrift. -Pot-bellied appearance. -Intestinal obstruction. |
| What Are Some Examples Of Feline Roundworms? | -Toxocara cati. -Toxascaris leonina. -Lungworms. -Heartworms. |
| What Are The Common Characteristics Of Toxocara Cati (Roundworm)? | -Common in kittens. -Infection not normally seen until 6 weeks of age. -Distinguished from other toxocara species by the alae (wings) on either side of head. |
| What Are The Three Main Routes Of Infection By Toxocara Cati? | -Via the environment. -Via paratenic host. -Via milk (not placenta). |
| What Are The Common Characteristics Of Toxascaris Leonina (Roundworm)? | -Infects both cats and dogs. -No pre-natal infection. -Seen in adolescent animals. |
| What Are The Two Main Routes Of Infection By Toxascaris Leonina? | -Via the environment. -Via a paratenic host. |
| What Are The Common Characteristics Of Angiostrongylus vasorum (Heartworm)? | -Known as lungworm or french heartworm. -Now seen more commonly. -Adults live in pulmonary artery. -Damage to lungs/alveoli and potentially block pulmonary artery. |
| What Clinical Signs Are Seen With An Angiostrongylus Vasorum (Heartworm) Infestation? | -Respiratory signs. -Pneumonia. -Coagulopathies (bleeding disorders). -Anorexia. -Exercise intolerance. -Sudden death. *May be asymptomatic* |
| What Is The Lifecycle For Angiostrongylus Vasorum? | -Dogs will ingest an infected snail in which larvae have developed. -Adult worms live in the pulmonary artery, they produce eggs which travel to the alveoli and hatch. -The larvae are coughed up, swallowed and then passed in faeces. |
| What Are The General Worming Recommendations For Puppies and Kittens? | -From 2 weeks of age puppies and kittens should be treated every 2 weeks up to the age of 12 weeks. -Thereafter, every 4 weeks up 6 months of age. |
| What Are The General Worming Recommendations For Adult Dogs and Cats? | -Should be treated at least 4 times a year i.e. every 3 months. -Cats that hunt should be treated monthly. |
| What Are The Common Characteristics Of Protozoa? | -Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms. -Various methods of locomotion such as flagella, cilia and pseudopodia. -Many species of protozoa are of pathological importance, but there are others that are commensal or even symbiotic. |
| What Animals Can Protozoa Cause A Big Issue In? | Young, elderly and immuno-compromised animals. |
| What Clinical Signs Are Generally Seen In Protozoan Infection? | -Gastrointestinal signs. -Neuromuscular signs. -Generalised illness (pyrexia, vomiting etc.). |
| What Are The Characteristics Of Toxoplasma Gondii (Protozoa)? | -Definitive host is the cat, although can infect dogs, sheep, man. -Infection from environment or infected prey. -Rarely cause clinical disease in cats - oocysts shed for 10 days then immunity develops. |
| What Is The Lifecycle For Toxoplasma Gondii? | Oocyst, sporulated oocyst, sporozoite, tachyzoite, bradyzoite. |
| How Can Toxoplasma Gondii Cause Disease? | Intermediate hosts - problems can occur if infected for the first time during pregnancy. Oocysts contaminate environment – can cause abortion in sheep. |
| What Clinical Signs Are Seen With A Toxoplasma Infestation? | Fever, anorexia, abdominal pain, dyspnoea and occasionally central nervous disorders. |
| What Are The Characteristics Of Giardia (Protozoa)? | -Direct lifecycle. -Lives in the small intestine. -Causes mucoid diarrhoea. |
| What Are The Characteristics Of Isospora (Protozoa)? | -Infected from environment or infected prey. -Few clinical signs. -Acute severe infections lead to bloody diarrhoea. -Infection serious in puppies and kittens, can lead to death. |
| What Are The Characteristics Of Eimeria (Protozoa)? | -Infects rabbits. -Infection via environment. -Causes diarrhoea and emaciation. |
| What Are The Characteristics Of Neospora Caninum (Protozoa)? | -Dog is the definitive host. -Causes neurological signs. -Causes abortion in cattle. |
| What Are The Characteristics Of Cryptosporidium (Protozoa)? | -C. canis and C. felis species. -Both are zoonotic. -Infection is common but disease is rare. -Where disease occurs diarrhoea is seen. |
| How Are Infections By Protozoa Treated? | -There are some licensed anti-protozoans. -Other treatments used off license (under the cascade system = human anti-protozal treatments are used in some cases). -Otherwise bed rest and rehydration therapies. |
| What Is Babesiosis? | -Disease caused by exotic babesia spp. protozoa. -Infects RBCs leading to anaemia. -Transmitted by dermacentor reticulates (tick species). |
| What Is Leishmaniasis? | -Disease caused by exotic leishmania spp. protozoa (L. chagasi). -Damages immune system. -Transmitted by sandfly. -Signs may not appear for years after infection, difficult to treat. -Typically results in serious skin lesions or fatal organ disease. |
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