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1011 exam 3
swine, small ruminants, dairy, waste management, poultry
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Yorkshire pig | · large, long, white body, large ears · maternal characteristics: large litters, heavy milkers, excellent mothers |
| Landrace pig | · fine, long bodies, large floppy ears · large litters, excellent milk producers and mothers |
| Chester White pig | · heavy white body, medium floppy ears · highest conception rate vs. other breeds, quality meat, milk well, excellent mothers |
| Hampshire pig | · black body with white strip on midsection/front legs, erect ears · lean and profitable, good mothers, popular bc hardy, vigorous, prolific, good foragers |
| Duroc pig | · medium red body varying from light to dark, floppy ears · rapid growth rate on less feed, meat-type body |
| Berkshire pig | · black body with white points, short erect ears · good sires, high quality pork (color, texture, marbling, pH, water holding), fast an efficient growth and reproduction |
| Poland China pig | · black body with white points, floppy ears · good sows, lean and heavy muscled, excellent feeders, strong bones - sound feet/legs |
| Spot pig | · black and white spots on body, floppy ears · feed efficiency (rate of gain), meat quality, excellent breeders |
| pig types: lard pigs | · used until end of WWII · short of body, gain fat easily, grow slower and not as large |
| pig types: bacon pigs | · higher levels of muscling, faster growing and larger, leaner |
| pig types: meat-type pigs | · hogs produced today · intermediate between lard and bacon type, but more muscular/leaner |
| why is progress in swine genetics easier than in other animals? | · large number of offspring from which to select · short generational time: ~1 year |
| how much of swine production costs are for feed requirements? | · 60-70% (ranges from 55%-85%) |
| gilts should be grown to ___ lbs. by ___ months of age, then bred | · 250 lbs. · 7 months |
| sows must be managed so that they produce ample milk for their litter and be ready to rebreed ___ - ___ days after breeding | · 3 - 7 days |
| boars are usually sexually active by ___ months of age | · 7 months |
| why is biosecurity important in swine operations? | · greater number of animals on-site = greater chance of disease outbreak which can wipe out entire population |
| biosecurity refers to procedures that... | · minimize disease transmission from outside production unit · reduce disease transmission among animal groups on same farm · asses, isolate, stabilize new animals |
| day-to-day biosecurity measures | · change boots/boot covers and coveralls when moving between houses/rooms · segregate animal groups by age · recognize vehicles, wild animals, insects as sources of disease |
| pig health challenges: diarrhea (scours) | · common in nursing pigs and older growing/finishing pigs · usually caused by infectious agents: virus, bacteria, protozoa, internal parasite · treatment varies with specific cause - antibiotic therapy and supportive care |
| pig health challenges: respiratory disease | · may affect upper resp. tract or affect lungs -> pneumonia · may be caused by virus, bacteria, or concurrent infections · can be serious but short-lived disease or mild/subclinical but long-lasting |
| pig health challenges: gastric ulcers | · often significant in intensively managed herds, especially growing/finishing pigs · risk decreased thru minimizing stress and controlling disease, especially respiratory · pelleted or finely ground feeds known to contribute to ulcer formation |
| swine housing: confinement production | · pros: less labor, more stable environment, fewer parasites and less disease, increased productivity · cons: buildings and equipment expensive, energy costs, waste disposal |
| swine housing: waste management methods | · waste pond (lagoon), turn into fertilizer · laws on runoff and odor can complicate |
| swine housing: flooring | · solid concrete, partially/totally slatted, expanded metal/plastic coated, plastic |
| swine housing: farrowing houses | · most accommodate groups of sows · most producers now use farrowing crates instead of individual pens · crates preferred because more pigs produced per litter |
| swine housing: nursery barns | · usually designed to handle 6-8 pigs, maybe 16-25 · designed to provide stable environment: ex. heat lamps, radiant heaters, heated floors |
| swine housing: waterers and feeders | · nipple waterers most popular in confinement, maybe concrete feed troughs - one waterer per 15 pigs · self feeders used for nursery/growing pigs, breeding stock limit fed via floor feeding or self feeders |
| what breeds are included in the National Swine Registry? | · Duroc, Hampshire, Landrace, Yorkshire |
| Pork Quality Assurance (PQA) program | · provides framework for significant, relevant food safety standards and improved animal well-being · producers take pride in commitment to continuous improvement - regularly revised for effectiveness, new info, viability |
| factors for continued development of dairy industry: | · continuing research -> improved cow performance and product quality, increased production/processing efficiency, better/more feeds · increasing worldwide need for food (protein) |
| seven breeds of dairy cow | ·Holstein (95.2%), Jersey (3.8%), Brown Swiss (.4%), Guernsey (.3%), Ayrshire (.2%), Milking Shorthorn (.1%), Red and White (?%) |
| Holstein cattle | · large udders, large size (feed capacity), rugged and strong, withstands colder climate, docile, desirable carcass · black and white or red and white with clear markings |
| Jersey cattle | · usually fawn shade, may have white markings, unique (light-colored) muzzle · more milk/pound of body weight than any other breed, high % fat · convert less carotene to vit.A = fat (milk) slightly yellow |
| Brows Swiss cattle | · lighter ears than Jersey · solid brown varying from light to dark · dual purpose |
| Guernsey cattle | · shade of fawn with clearly defined white markings · Guernsey Gold milk: inefficient in converting carotene to vit.A |
| Ayrshire cattle | · light to deep red/mahogany/brown, combination with white, or white alone · not the greatest disposition but produce milk for 10+ yrs |
| Milking Shorthorn cattle | · red, red and white, or roan · dual purpose breed |
| Red and White cattle | · clearly defined red and white · newest breed (2009) |
| how do producers choose a cattle breed? | · personal preference · predominant breed in the area · production goals · market for product - cheese vs. fluid milk |
| milk cow inventory rates: all states vs. Louisiana | · all states: rising, some years may have slight deficit · Louisiana: falling, no increases in recent years |
| changes in sizes of dairy operations | · there are fewer operations, but cattle numbers are growing · number of operations with >500 head: increasing · number of operations with <500 head: decreasing (Louisiana) |
| milk production trends | · increased 14% from 2011-2020 despite decrease in operations · production per cow: 23,391 lbs. (2019) -> 23,777 lbs. (2020), a 382 lb. increase |
| top 5 dairy states | · #1: California - 40.5 bil lbs. milk, 1.7 mil cows · #2: Wisconsin - 30.6 bil lbs. milk, 1.3 mil cows · #3: Idaho - 15.6 bil lbs. milk, 635 thous cows · #4: New York - 15.1 bil lbs. milk, 626 thous cows · #5: Texas - 13.8 bil lbs. milk, 578 thou |
| Louisiana dairy stats | · #41: 135 billion lbs. milk, 9.5 thousand cows · averaged 14,210 lbs. milk/cow in 2019 (stays consistent) compared to national avg. of 23,777 lbs./cow · top producing parishes are Tangipahoa, Washington, St. Helena, DeSoto · 85 dairies, avg. 118 cows |
| United States dairy stats | · 223 billion lbs. milk, 9.39 million cows |
| recommended daily serving of milk | · 8 oz. three times daily |
| areas of research that have improved dairy productivity | · nutrition, reproduction, herd health, automated equipment |
| herd records that should be kept on the dairy | · individual cow: production, calving ease, days in milk, feed intake, location in herd, ID, parentage · herd performance: averages (entire herd/herds within herd) · individual health records: vaccinations, treatments, withdrawals |
| how can cows get better? | · herd health (disease resistance), longevity (lower turnover -> more profit), reproduction (calving ease, female fertility), milk production and quality (butter fat), animal performance (efficiency, avg. daily gain) |
| target ages for heifers | · breeding age: 13-15 months (when 60% of adult weight - abt 600 lbs.) · first calf: 23-25 months · first profit (replacement investment): 2 years |
| cow breeding stats | · non-seasonal - cooler climates breed year round, heat stress reduces success · estrous cycle: 21 days, estrus period: 13-17 hrs · gestation: ~283 days |
| cow comfort | · free stalls: clean bedding · reduce heat stress: fans, sprinklers, cooling ponds, bedding · holding pens and milking parlor |
| feeding calf: colostrum | · quality: nutrients and antibodies · quantity: 2-4 quarts, depends on quality · timing: ASAP after birth - calf non-receptive after 24-26 hrs. |
| feeding calf: pre-ruminant | · liquid: milk or milk replacer, 22% protein, 20% fat, 10% of birth weight · primary source of nutrients, fed until weaning at 6-8 weeks (depends on grain consumption which starts at 7-10 days) |
| feeding calf: until 3 months | · continue feeding starter ad libitum up to 6 lbs. daily · provide good quality forage free-choice about a week before weaning · transition is important - no sudden changes |
| why should heifers be kept from becoming overweight? | · overweight heifers lack skeletal growth - especially pelvic · difficulty calving, decreased conception rates, milk secretory tissue may be reduced · excessive gain more damaging before puberty than after breeding |
| lactation cycle of cow | · avg. lactation length: 305 days · production increases rapidly, reaches peak production 6-9 weeks after calving · relationships between milk production, dry matter intake, body weight changes |
| excreta definition | · materials excreted in urine or feces · amount excreted |
| manure definition | · mixture of excreta with bedding/other materials, can be used to fertilize soils · includes urine and feces, but also materials wasted: feed refusals, wastewater, bedding residues |
| poultry is the ___-largest sector of animal agriculture | · second-largest |
| three major segments of the poultry industry | · broilers · eggs · turkeys |
| poultry industry: vertical integration | · every part of the industry is vertically integrated: each company owns every part of production, hatching -> finished product · greatly reduces production costs |
| some new poultry terms | · pullet: young female chicken not yet laying eggs · cockerel: young male chicken · capon: castrated male chicken · tom: male turkey · poult: young turkey |
| place of poultry in United States agriculture | · US produces 8% of world's chicken eggs and 18% of chicken meat · largest poultry meat-producing country in the world - China first in eggs, US second · makes 47% of world's turkey meat, largest global turkey producer |
| place of poultry in Louisiana agriculture | · largest animal ag. industry in LA · second largest ag. industry to forestry |
| at what age are broiler chickens marketed? | 6 to 7 weeks |
| US turkey production | · most units grow 50-75,000 birds, 3.5 grow-out cycles/year · hens marketed 14-16 weeks old, 14-18 lbs. · toms marketed 17-20 weeks old, 26-32 lbs. · about 7 billion lbs. meat/year |
| top 10 broiler states | · Georgia, Arkansas, Alabama, N. Carolina, Mississippi, Texas, Delaware, Kentucky, S. Carolina, Maryland |
| top 10 egg states | · Iowa, Ohio, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Texas, Georgia, Michigan, California, N. Carolina, Arkansas |
| poultry health challenges: rickets | · abnormal bone development - calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D deficiency · stiff gaits, enlarged joints, stunted growth |
| poultry health challenges: calcium deficiency | · laying hens produce thin-shelled eggs with low hatchability, then decreased egg production |
| poultry health challenges: avian influenza | · "bird flu", infects wild birds and domestic poultry · biosecurity! |
| poultry health challenges: Newcastle disease | · contagious infection caused by Newcastle disease virus · respiratory disease |
| poultry health challenges: Marek's disease | · viral, highly contagious and easily transmitted |
| most effective broiler breed | · Cobb500 |
| broiler operation sequence | · parent stock farm produces fertile eggs -> hatchery produces chicks -> broiler farm raisers birds to slaughter -> processing plant makes final products |
| hatching chicks | · 99*F, 70% humidity, 19 days · rotated 45 degrees every 2 hours - chick will stick |
| brooding chicks | · first 7-10 days of chick's life: provide optimum conditions to develop proper appetite and feeding behavior · need heat for 14 days - no feathers yet, just down |
| egg laying stats | · takes roughly 25 hours for hen to lay an egg · ideally 280-300 eggs/year from a hen · hen day egg production: # eggs made by flock / # birds · egg laying period: starts at 18 weeks, peaks 25 weeks, continues to 70 weeks |
| chicken molt | · around 70 weeks, period of laying rest: egg production drops, feed restricted/AA content lowered, two weeks to molt then two weeks to recover, 23% reduction in bird weight · hens back into production until ~90 weeks |
Created by:
junoregan
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