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Sm animal nursing
week 4 test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What initiates wound healing? | Platelets |
| What are the four phases of wound healing? | Inflammatory, Debridement, Repair, Maturation |
| When does the inflammatory phase begin? | Immediately after injury |
| Why does blood fill the wound? | To clean the surface |
| What does vasoconstriction do? | Slows hemorrhage (5-10min) |
| What does vasodilatation do? | Leaks fluid with clotting factors |
| A blood clot forms and does what during the inflammatory phase? | Stabilizes the wound edges |
| What does fibrin in the clot provide during the inflammatory phase? | Limited wound strength |
| The clot forms a scab which does what? (2 things)during the inflammatory phase | Prevents further hemorrhageProtects the wound |
| During the inflammatory phase Blood vessels also leak WBC’S into the wound to begin which phase? | The debridement phase |
| Debridement phase, How long until it begins after injury? | 6 hours |
| Neutrophils and Macrophages appear in the wound and remove what 3 things during the debridement phase? | They remove necrotic tissue, bacteria and foreign material |
| Repair Phase Begins when? | After a blood clot forms and necrotic tissue and foreign materials have been removed (after the debridement phase) |
| The repair phase is known as the “lag phase” and is active for how long? | 3-5 days |
| Repair Phase is when fibroblasts invade and do what? | Produce collagen that matures into scar tissue |
| During the repair Phase there is a significant increase in what? | Wound strength |
| Capillaries+Fibroblasts+Fibrous tissue= ? | Granulation tissue |
| How long until granulation tissue forms? What color is it? What is considered poor granulation tissue color? | 3-5days Should be bright pink Poor tissue is white |
| What does granulatin tissue do? (4 things) | Fills the tissue deficit, protects the wound, provides a barrier against infection, provides a surface for new epithelial cells to form across (epithelialization) |
| What does wound contraction do? What is formed?When does this occur? | Helps reduce the size of the wound, new skin is formed , 5-9days after injury |
| Does wound strength increase during the maturation phase? | Yes, increases to the maximum level |
| What decreases causing the scar to become pale during the maturation phase? | Capillaries |
| How long can the maturation phase continue for? | Several years |
| What are some host factors that affect wound healing? (7 things) | Old animals, malnourished animals, hyperadrenocorticoidism (Cushing’s disease), animals on steroids, diabetes mellitus, liver disease (clotting factor deficits), renal disease |
| What will delay all phases of wound healing? | Steroids |
| What are some external factors in wound healing? (7 things) | Foreign material in the wound, bacteria, tight bandages, movement, drugs, radiation, chemotherapy |
| What inhibits clotting? | Aspirin |
| How should you wrap bandages? | Distal to proximal |
| What is considered the “golden period”? for wound treatment? | 6-8 hours |
| Primary wound closure results in healing by what? | First intention |
| First intention healing is indicated in what types of wounds? | Fresh clean wounds, minimal trauma, minimal contamination, surgically created wounds (closed with suture) |
| Delayed primary closure is considered closure of a wound before 3-5 days after injury before what has developed? | Granulation tissue, (moderately traumatized, moderately contaminated wounds) |
| Contraction is considered second intention healing on what type of wounds? | Wounds healed without surgical closure |
| Secondary closure, (third intention), occurs after how long? | After 3-5 days, granulation tissue has already developed |
| What type of wounds is this indicated in during Secondary closure? | Severely contaminated wounds, severely traumatized wounds, requires considerable debridement (“toothbrush and iodine”) |
| OVH and OHE stand for what? | Ovariohysterectomy |
| What gage needle is usually used for fine needle aspiration? | 24 or 25 gage |
| Fine needle aspiration (FNA) provide information on what? | Cell type |
| Can fine needle aspiration this be done on an awake patient? | Yes for swellings and soft tissue, no for bone marrow (very painful!!) |
| What can a needle punch biopsy (NPB) be used for? | Swellings, organs |
| Which provides more information FNA or NPB? | Needle punch biopsy |
| Which procedure(s) requires a special needle/punch? | Punch biopsy, needle punch biopsy |
| Which biopsy’s may require the patient to be under anesthesia? | Punch biopsy, needle punch biopsy, always need anesthesia for bone biopsy! |
| How are needles identified? | Type of suture attachment, shape of the body of the needle, point, cross-section, size |
| The lower the number the _______ the needle | Larger |
| What are suture needles made of? What shape are the needles? | Carbon or stainless steel, needles are straight or curved |
| What are taper needles for? | Most common needle for internal sutures |
| What are cutting needles used for? | External sutures |
| What are the two types of cutting needle? Which is more common? | Reverse cutting (more common!!!), regular cutting, (sometimes used for sub q sutures) |
| What are some characteristics of suture material? (10) | Tensile strength, memory, flexibility, absorbability, structure, knot security, color, origin of material, sizing, packaging |
| What are the 2 types of suture? What are they made of? | Multifilament made of silk, monofilament made of nylon |
| Which is better used in the mouth? | Multifilament |
| Which is the most common type of suture? | Nylon |
| Which is less wicking? Which is less irritating? | Monofilament |
| The amount of pull or weight necessary to break the suture is known as what? | Tensile strength |
| What can decrease the tensile strength? | Tissues and enzymes |
| What type of suture is not treated with anything? | Plain, absorbs the fastest |
| What type of suture is treated with acid salts that delay the absorption rate? | Chromic (cat gut, gut) |
| Capillary suture describes what? | The ability of the suture to draw in liquids |
| Memory of suture refers to what? | The ability of the suture to retain the shape it was in in the package |
| When is it appropriate to use absorbable suture? | When prolonged strength is not required, when infection is present |
| When is it appropriate to use non-absorbable suture? | When tissue reaction must be minimized, when suture must be left in for more then 2-3 weeks |
| How long does it take for chromic gut to absorb? | 60 days |
| Is silk absorbable? | No |
| What type of suture would be used for instrument tieing a square knot? | Absorbable, silk |
| What type of suture would be used for a Surgeon’s knot? | Nylon, polyester and polypropylene |
| How many throws for skin closure? | 3-5 throws |
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Neonta
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