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repro cyclicity exam
ANS repro exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ESTRUS is a _______? | A noun Ex. The cow is displaying estrus |
| ESTROUS is a(n) _______? | Adjective - one ovulation to the next Ex. The length of the estrous cycle is X number of days |
| What is ANESTRUS? | When the female is not having repeated Estrous cycles. |
| What are the different types of Reproductive Cyclicity? | - Polyestrus - Seasonally Polyestrus - Monoestrus |
| Define POLYESTRUS | Regularly occuring estrous cycles throughout the year - Cow and Sow - year round polyestrus - Rodents |
| What type of Reproductive cyclicity does a Cat/Queen have or is identified as in the lecture notes? | Queen - POLYESTRUS - Likely seasonal breeders |
| Define SEASONALLY POLYESTRUS | Recurring estrous cycles but are subjected to season which depends on day length. |
| What are some examples of SHORT DAY BREEDERS? | Ewes and nannys (spring) |
| What are some examples of LONG DAY BREEDERS? Mares (spring) | Mares (spring) |
| Define Monoestrus | Cycle 1-2 times per year |
| What are some examples of MONOESTRUS breeders? | Wolf, bitch, fox |
| What is the average reproductive cycle of a cow? | Length of ESTROUS - 21 days Polyestrus Length of ESTRUS - 12-18 hours Ovulation - 11 hours after the end of estrus Gestation - 282 days |
| What is the average reproductive cycle of an ewe and goat? | Length of ESTROUS- 17 days Seasonal breeders (fall) Length of ESTRUS - 24-36 hours Ovulation - Near end of Estrus Gestation - 148 days |
| What is the average reproductive cycle of a sow? | Length of ESTROUS - 21 days Polyestrus Length of ESTRUS - 48-72 hours Ovulation - 35-45 hours after the start of estrus Gestation - 115 days |
| What is the average reproductive cycle of a mare? | Length of ESTROUS - 21 days Seasonal (spring) polyestrus Length of ESTRUS - 5-7 days Ovulation - 3-6 days of estrus (1-2 days before end of estrus) Gestation - 335 days |
| What is the average reproductive cycle of a bitch? | Length of ESTROUS - 6 months Length of ESTRUS - 9 days Ovulation - 4-24 days after the start of estrus Gestation - 63 days |
| What is the average reproductive cycle of a queen? | Length of ESTROUS - 17 days Length of ESTRUS - 9 days Ovulation - Induced Gestation - 63 days |
| Describe the Female feedback loop part 1 | 1) Tonic GnRH release 2) Tonic release of FSH and LH 3) * Lower levels of E2+ and inhibin. Negative feedback which will lead to a decrease of FSH Follicular Growth |
| Describe the Female feedback loop part 2 | 4) Follicle reaches stage of high E2. Reaches a point where it is stimulatory to the hypothalamus 5) GnRH surge 6) LH surge 7) Ovulation occurs * Ovulation due to LH acting on receptors in GC (granulosa cells) |
| Describe the Female feedback loop part 3 | 8) Initiates formation of CL 9) Progesterone being produced by CL * Negative feedback will regulate the tonic release of LH to support the CL until PGF2a causes CL regression |
| What are the PHASES of the ESTROUS cycle? | - Follicular phase - Luteal phase |
| Describe the FOLLICULAR PHASE | - Follicle dominant ovarian structure - 20% cycle - Dominant hormone is Estrogen (E2) - Typically lasts from regression of previous CL to ovulation |
| Describe the LUTEAL PHASE | - Corpora Lutea the dominant ovarian structure - 80% of cycle - Dominant hormone is progesterone (P4) - Typically lasts from ovulation to CL regression |
| What are the STAGES of the ESTROUS CYCLE and identify which STAGES are a part of each PHASE? | FOLLICULAR PHASE - PROESTRUS - ESTRUS LUTEAL PHASE - METESTRUS - DIESTRUS |
| Describe PROESTRUS | General - Immediately proceeds heat/estrus and lasts about 2-5 days - Begins when P4 declines due to luteolysis of previous cycles CL - ends at onsets of ESTRUS (STEROID) - Major endocrine transition from P4 dominance to E2 |
| Describe PROESTRUS part 2 | (STEROID) - Pre-ovulatory follicle increasing in size producing more E2 (OVARY) - E2 peak at end of proestrus (STEROID) - Endometrial gland growth (REPRO TRACT) - Increase ciliation of oviduct (REPRO TRACT) |
| Describe ESTRUS | General - Behavioral change and female will become receptive to mating - standing estrus or heat - E2 start to decline (STEROID) - LH Surge (GONADOTROPINS) - Ovulation 24-48 hours after LH surge (OVARY) |
| Describe ESTRUS part 2 | * Cattle are exception and ovulate in METESTRUS - Uterine motility increases due to contractions (REPRO TRACT) * Facilitate sperm movement - Cervical mucus (especially in ruminants) (REPRO TRACT) |
| Describe METESTRUS | General - Time between ovulation and formation of a functional CL - E2 and P4 are low (STEROID) * Cow wow and ovulate (OVARY) - CH present but remodeling to a CL (REPRO TRACT) - Uterus (REPRO TRACT) * Contractions decrease (REPRO TRACT) |
| Describe METESTRUS part 2 | * Endometrial glands still increasing and becoming coiled potential secretions for embryonic support (REPRO TRACT) * Cattle - may see bleeding, vascular leakage known as DIAPEDESIS. Due to vascular leaking, not shedding of uterine lining (REPRO TRACT) |
| Describe METESTRUS part 3 | - FSH starts to increase (GONADOTROPINS) * Trigger growth of follicles (GONADOTROPINS) |
| On day 0 what occurs? | LH surge - during estrus |
| Describe DIESTRUS | Longest stage of Estrous cycle Begin with P4 production and end at CL regression due to PGF2a production by uterus in NON - pregnant animal. - P4 will be high (STEROID) - Fluctuations in E2 due to follicular waves (STEROID) |
| Describe DIESTRUS part 2 | - Fluctuations in FSH driving follicular waves (GONADOTROPINS) - Uterus - Increase secretions - secretions high at beginning of diestrus but decrease as diestrus progresses (REPRO TRACT) |
| Describe DIESTRUS part 3 | - P4 quiet uterus (myometrium) - don't have uterine contractions (REPRO TRACT) - If non-pregnant - endometrium produces PGF2a (REPRO TRACT) |
| Describe the MENSTRUAL CYCLE | - 28 day cycle - Day 0 = 1st menses - Follicular and luteal phase are the same length - Ovulation - approximately 14 days * LH surge |
| Describe the length of each STAGE of the ESTROUS in the dog and describe what occurs. | - Anestrus = approx. 5 months - Proestrus = approx. 9 days - Estrus = approx. 9 days - Diestrus = approx. 2 months - Proestrus - 7-10 days, ranges 4-20 * Estradiol increase and peaks at end * Swelling of vulva |
| Describe the length of each STAGE of the ESTROUS in the dog and describe what occurs. 2 | * Vaginal bloody discharge - diapedesis - leakage/inflammation * Keratinization of vaginal epithelium can be used ot detect best breeding days - Estrus - 9 day change, 3-21 day range * Estradiol declines, LH surge * |
| Describe the length of each STAGE of the ESTROUS in the dog and describe what occurs. 3 | Receptive to male * Ovulate near end of estrus * Maximum keratinization * P4 increasing prior to ovulation |
| Describe the length of each STAGE of the ESTROUS in the queen and describe what occurs. | - Metestrus - absent - Diesturs - 70-80 days - luteal phase => 6 days after ovulation - P4 hgiher initially but it declines |
| Describe the length of each STAGE of the ESTROUS in the queen and describe what occurs. 2 | ends at - 1) Whelping if Pregnant OR 2) Not pregnant, P4 is below 1 ng/mL = pseudo pregnancy - Uterus not active in CL regression - Anestrus - 4-6 months - When P4 is low |
| Describe the length of each STAGE of the ESTROUS in the queen and describe what occurs. 3 | - How long this lasts is variable - Breed/genetic/environmental influences this phase - Estrus - Behavioral heat * Vocalize * lordosis * Restless |
| Describe the length of each STAGE of the ESTROUS in the queen and describe what occurs. 4 | - Postestrus - Interestrus - follows estrus when mating has not occurred - Repeat as long as she has not been stimulated to ovulation = E2, P4 low |
| What is a pseudo pregnancy? | CL remains whether or not the animal is pregnant |
| Describe what happens or occurs to a queen after she has been mated. | - Ovulation - Ovulation without fertilization, she will have a pseudopregnancy - 50% of cats will ovulate with 1 breeding - 8-12 breedings gets max LH surge |
| What are the NORMAL causes of ANESTRUS? | - Pregnancy - Presence of offspring - Season |
| What are the ABNORMAL causes of ANESTRUS? | - Nutrition - lack of nutrition - sacrifice reproductive - Stress - Pathology |
| Describe GESTATIONAL ANESTRUS | - P4 during pregnancy - CL present - negative feedback - After parturition, anestrus continues - P4 exposure during pregnancy - Hypothalamus - desensitized to E2 (+) FB * Lacks estradiol positive feedback - Allows time for uterine reset |
| Describe SEASONAL ANESTRUS | - Horses are long day breeding animals - Sheep are short day breeders * Give birth when food is more plentiful |
| Describe the process of a SHORT DAY BREEDER during LONG-DAY season | 1) Increasing day length causes more firing of retinal nerves 2) Inhibition on pineal gland results in reduced melatonin secretion 3) Decreased melatonin signals to hypothalamus which decreases GnRH secretion |
| Describe the process of a SHORT DAY BREEDER during LONG-DAY season 2 | 4) Decreased FSH and LH 5) Decreased stimulation of gonads |
| Describe the process of a LONG DAY BREEDER during LONG-DAY season | 1) Increasing day length causes more firing of retinal nerves 2) Inhibition on pineal gland results in reduced melatonin secretion 3) Decreased melatonin stimulatory hypothalamus which increases GnRH secretion |
| Describe the process of a LONG DAY BREEDER during LONG-DAY season 2 | 4) Increased FSH and LH 5) Increased stimulation of gonads |
| SILENT OVULATION occurs after.... | period of anestrus |
| What state must the brain be in for SILENT OVULATION? | Brain, specifically the hypothalamus, must be primed with P4 to express estrus in response to E2. |
| What are the two populations of E2 receptors in the brain? | 1) Behavior - Have to be primed with P4 2) Surge center for GnRH - Do not need P4 priming |
| What animal is LACTATIONAL ANESTRUS most common in and what is the main reason for continued LACTATIONAL ANESTRUS in this group of animals? | - Beef cattle - Suckling of offspring of the teats means the offspring is still drinking milk which is a signal for the dam to continue to lactate. |
| What are some other factors or causes of LACTIONAL ANESTRUS and what are these factors considered to be | - Visual encounter, Olfactory encounter, auditory encounter - Sensory stimuli |
Created by:
Miriaa
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