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Animal Health Test 2

QuestionAnswer
What are the 3 goals of reproductive health? 1. fertilization 2. implantation and maintenance of pregnancy 3. successful parturition
BSE requirments? Physical exam, examination of repro organs, semen evaluation (motility and morphology), disease surveillance
Ram BSE requirments Motility: >30% Morphology: >50% Scrotal Circumference: 28 cm
Buck BSE requirments Motility: >70% Morphology: >80%
Bull BSE requirements Motility: >30% Morphology: >70% Scrotal Circumference: 32 cm
Importance of heat detecting in AI breeding systems? Ability to get semen into female at the right time for success pregnancy
Bovine Trichomoniasis etiologic agent Etiologic Agent: Tritrichomonas foetus (protozoan)
Bovine Trichomoniasis transmission Transmission: venereal transmission
Bovine Trichomoniasis clinical signs Clinical Signs: irregular cycles, early embryonic death, early abortions, too many short bred or open cows at preg chew
Bovine Trichomoniasis treatment Treatment: none
Bovine Trichomoniasis prevention Prevention: yearly testing of bulls
Bovine Trichomoniasis zoonotic concerns Zoonotic Concerns: no
Toxic plants that cause abortions ponderosa pine, snakeweed, and locoweeds
Toxic plants that cause malformed fetus skunk cabbage, jimson weed, lupine, tow-grooved vetch, locoweeds
Brucellosis etiologic agent Etiological agent: brucella abortus
Brucellosis transmisson Transmission: by contact and ingestion of agent, ingestion of unpasteurized milk products
Brucellosis clinical signs Clinic signs: abortion (late term), testicular infection, placentitis
Brucellosis treatment Treatment: no effective treatment lifelong infection
Brucellosis prevention Prevention: RB51 vaccination (bangs vaccine), designated surveillance area, slaughter house serology testing, and milk screenings
Brucellosis zoonotic concerns Zoonotic concerns: can cause undulant fever to humans from unpasteurized products or assisting parturition Undulant fever: flu like illness, recurrent fevers, GI symptoms, insomnia, emotional instability
Neosporosis etiological agent Etiologic Agent: neospora caninum (protozoan)
Neosporosis transmission Transmission: ingestion of infected fecal material, in utero transmission to calves
Neosporosis clinical signs Clinical signs: later term abortions
Neosporosis treatment Treatment: no approved treatment
Neosporosis prevention Prevention: test and cull positive calves, avoid environmental contamination with dog feces, prevent dogs from eating placentas/aborted fetuses, poor vaccine protection
Neosporosis zoonotic concerns zoonotic concerns: no
Campylobacteriosis etiologic agent Etiologic agent: campylobacter fetus subsp. venerialis
Campylobacteriosis transmission Transmission: venereal
Campylobacteriosis clinical signs Clinical signs: repro failure, early embryonic death
Campylobacteriosis diagnosis requirments Diagnosis requirements: culture of fetal and placental tissue
Campylobacteriosis treatment Treatment: using AI system, vaccinating cow and bull, no good treatment options
Campylobacteriosis prevention Prevention: vaccinations
Campylobacteriosis zoonotic concerns Zoonotic concerns: no
Leptospirosis etiologic agent Etiologic agent: Spirochete bacteria
Leptospirosis transmission Transmission: exposure to contaminated urine, milk, or placental fluids, wet environment needed to survive, indirect transmission, can invade macerated skin and mucous membranes
Leptospirosis clinical signs Clinical signs: subclinical, kidney infections and failure, late term abortions, still born calves, and weak calves
Leptospirosis treatment Treatment: antibiotics
Leptospirosis prevention Prevention: vaccination
Leptospirosis zoonotic concerns Zoonotic concerns: yes
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) etiologic agent Etiologic agent: bovine herpes virus-1
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) transmission Transmission: aerosolized pathogen and venereal
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) clinical signs Clinical signs: respiratory disease, infertility, and late term absorption
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) diagnosis requirements Diagnosis: PCR of aborted fetus of fluids
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) treatment Treatment: antibiotics
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) prevention Prevention: vaccination 4-6 weeks prior to breeding
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) zoonotic concerns Zoonotic concerns: no
Brucellosis in Sheep etiological agent etiological agent: B. melintensis and B. ovis
Equine Herpes Virus-1 (rhinopneumonitis) etiological agent Etiological agent:
Equine Herpes Virus-1 (rhinopneumonitis transmission Transmission: aerosol, contact with other horses nasal secretion, repro discharge, placenta, or aborted fetus
Equine Herpes Virus-1 (rhinopneumonitis clinical signs Clinical signs: sudden abortion no prior clinic signs
Equine Herpes Virus-1 (rhinopneumonitis) treatment Treatment: no treatment
Equine Herpes Virus-1 (rhinopneumonitis) prevention Prevention: killed vaccine at 3, 5, 7, and 9 months, prevent contact, vaccinate all horses to decrease shedding
Equine Herpes Virus-1 (rhinopneumonitis zoonotic concern Zoonotic concerns: no
Lepto Hardjo-bovis host adapted to cow (little to no response) EED and infertility Most common lepto in cattle Testing: serology and urine fluorescing antibody Treatment: long acting oxytetracycline Prevention: vaccination specialized for hardjo bovis
Neospora transmission cycle intermediate host cattle
Neospora transmission cycle definitive host canine
Neospora transmission cycle outcomes 1. Congenital infection of calf subclinical 2. Abortion of fetus 3. Birth of normal uninfected calf
Guidelines to prevent injuries at parturition Clean perianal area Wear protecting sleeves Assess position Do NOT put too much traction on fetus In not making progress call vet
Stage 1 of labor Stage 1: restlessness, uncomfortable, seek solitude, uterine contractions
Stage 2 of labor Stage 2: active labor abdominal pushing, expulsion of fetus, stimulus is pressure within vaginal canal
Stage 3 of labor Stage 3: expulsion of placenta
Vaginal/cervical prolapse Prior to parturition Cattle and sheep affected Grade I-IV Treatment replacement and retention with buhner suture, suture must be removed prior to parturition
risk factors associated with retained fetal membranes Twining, abortions, dystocia, induced calving, metabolic disorder
1-2-3 rule of thumb for equine parturition, foal, fetal membranes
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