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ANSC325PurdueWL#2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Essential Amino Acids (EAA) | Amino acids which cannot be produced in sufficient quantity to meet the nutritional need of the animal |
| It is possible to have a diet that is adequate in CP but deficient in one or more ------- ------. | Amino acids |
| Nonessential Amino Acids (NEAA) | Amino acids that can be produced by the animal |
| Protein requirements are set by the animal's level of -- and ---------. | growth and maintenance |
| T/F: All types of cattle have the same protein requirement. | False, protein requirements vary by age and usage |
| "True" proteins | Polymers are linked with peptide bonds |
| Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN) | Nitrogen is not associated with protein |
| Examples of protein feeds | SBM, Distillers grains, gluten feed, gluten meal, urea |
| T/F: Ruminant saliva contain protein enzymes. | False |
| Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP) | Used by microbes (bacterial crude protein) |
| Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP) | Not digested by the microbes within the rumen |
| CP = ------- x 6.25 | Nitrogen |
| T/F: Rumen Undegradable Protein is never degraded and is lost as waste. | False, some RUP is degraded by the small intestine |
| The bacterial protein produced by the rumen microbes in an ------- protein for the animal. | Ideal |
| The amino acid profile of the diet ------- equal the amino acid that is absorbed by the animal. | doesn't |
| Ruminal protein degradation is affected by: | Stage of plant growth Physical barriers Chemical nature of plants Rumen pH Heat |
| As pH --------- the degradation of SBM decreases. | Decreases |
| Proteins are least soluble at --------- ------. | isoelectric point |
| If there is cross-linking of peptide chains protein degradability ----------. | Decreases |
| If plants are immature the NPN --------- and bound N decreases causing a decrease in degradability. | Increases |
| Examples of heat treatments for feeds | Steam flaking, Pelleting, Extrusion, Roasting |
| Examples of chemical treatments for feeds | Formaldehyde, Mineral chelation, Alcohol |
| Microbial protein synthesis is elated to: | Available NH3 and AAs (RDP) Fermentation of CHOH (Energy) |
| Rumen ammonia is ------------. | Eructated |
| Absorbed ammonia is --------- or ----------. | recycled or urinated |
| If CHOH is limited amino acids will be --------- --- ----. | fermented for energy |
| CHOH and protein levels need to be -- ---------. | In balance (equal?) |
| If microbes over produce proteins there will be an excess of ----. | NH3 |
| RUP and RDP need to be balanced for ----- ------ and ------ ------ ----- -----. | Young calves and high producing dairy cows |
| ---------- and ---------- are the most limiting amino acids for cattle. | Methionine and lysine |
| Protected amino acids offer some benefit for ------ -------. | dairy cattle |
| Amino acids are mainly absorbed by the -------- ----------. | small intestine |
| Proteins are mainly absorbed as -------- and -------- --------. | Peptides and amino acids |
| Endopeptidase | Break peptide bonds within the primary structure |
| Exopeptidase | Cleave amino acids off the terminal end |
| Carboxypeptidase | Remove an amino acid from the end with a free carboxl group |
| Aminopeptidase | Act on the terminal amino acids with free amino group |
| Enzymatic digestion is initiated in the -----------. | Abomasum |
| In the small intestine, enzymatic digestion is stimulated by ---------- ---------. | hormone secretion |
| The number of transporters in the small intestine decreases as you travel ---------- towards the -------. | distally, ileum |
| Carbohydrates make up --- of forage dry matter. | 70% |
| Carbohydrates make up --- of cereal grain dry matter. | 80% |
| Examples of pentoses | Arabinose, Deoxyribose, Ribose, Xylose |
| Examples of hexoses | Fructose, Glucose, Galactose, Mannose |
| Cellobiose | Glucose + Glucose |
| Lactose | Glucose + Galactose |
| Maltose | Glucose + Glucose |
| Sucrose | Glucose + Fructose |
| Cellulose | Made of glucose, non-branched, structural |
| Hemicellulose | Made of xylose and glucose, branched, easier to digest, structural |
| Lignin | Indigestible carbon polymer used to provide structural support |
| Examples of carbohydrate digestion enzymes | Amylase, Maltase, Isomaltose |
| --- of volatile fatty acids are absorbed through the ruminal wall. | 88% |
| --- of volatile fatty acids pass through the omasum. | 12% |
| Butyrate | Mainly used by epithelial cells as part of TCA cycle |
| Propionate | Some used by epithelial cells for TCA cycle, mainly converted to glucose in liver |
| Lactate | Converted to glucose in the liver |
| Acetate | Make up the majority of circulating volatile fatty acids, converted into acetyl-CoA then used in TCA cycle |
| Examples of ionophores | Monensin, Lasalocid, Laidlomycin propionate |
| Ionophores damage the ----- ------ of bacteria causing them to use --------- to restore their H+ ratio. | Cell wall, energy |
| 4 sources of lipids | Feed, Diet supplementation, Microbes, De novo synthesis |
| A ruminant diet should contain ---- fat but never more than ----. | 3-4% 6-7% |
| Examples of nutritive fats | Fatty acids, Triglycerides, Galactolipids, Phospholipids |
| Examples of nonnutritive fats | Waxes, Pigments, Sterols |
| What are the reasons to feed fats to ruminants? | Increased energy, Health benefits, Decreased dust, Lower acidosis effects, Improved reproduction |
| What are the reasons against feeding fats? | Interferes with fermentation |
| Whole oil seeds | More escapes the rumen, Less adverse effect than free oils, Easy to use, Cost effective |
| Vegetable oils | Highly unsaturated, Expensive, Most adverse effect |
| Animal fats | Common for cattle, More saturated, Less adverse effects, difficult to mix when cold |
| Ruminally inert fats | Escape rumen digestion, Less adverse effects than free oils, Reduce feed intake, Expensive |
| Animals need --------------- and ---------- in the diet as they cannot synthesize them. | Omega-3 and Omega-6 |
| T/F: Long chain fatty acids are mainly digested within the rumen. | False, there is minimal digestion of long chain fatty acids within the rumen |
| More ---- leaves the rumen than is digested by the animal. | fat |
| Most fats leave the rumen as ------ ------- ----- and ----------------- --------------. | free fatty acids, microbial phospholipids |
| Digestibility | The matter lost through the digestive tract for a given feedstuff |
| Factors affecting digestibility | Lignin, Feed preservation, Particle size, Associative effects, Feed intake, Rate of Passage |
| Ad libitum | Feed id offered in excess of consumption (10% refusals) |
| Restricted Intake | Less than voluntary at or below animal's requirements |
| Factors affecting feed intake | Gut fill, Animal factors, Palatability, Choices, Feed quality, Ambient temperature, Growth of ruminal bacteria, ROP, Digestibility, Performance, Energy needs of digestion |
| Voluntary Intake | Intake when there is only one feed or ration |
| Palatability | Free choice consumption when an animal is given more than one choice |
| Energy | The potential to perform work |
| Calorie | Heat required to raise 1g of water 1 degree Celsius |
| Joule | Energy required to move 1N a distance of 1m |
| Physiological Fuel Value | Portion of gross energy in food from each gram of carbohydrates, fats, and protein ultimately available for use in the body |
| Gross energy breaks down into 2 categories, ------ ------- and ------------ -------. | Fecal energy and digestible energy |
| Digestible energy breaks down into 2 categories, --------- --------- and ----------------- -------. | Urinary/Gaseous energy and metabolizable energy |
| Metabolizable energy breaks down into 2 categories ---- ----- and ------- -- -------- ---------. | Net energy and heat of nutrient metabolism |
| Net energy breaks down into 2 categories ----------- and ------------. | Maintenance and production |
| Lavoisier's Calorimeter | Found that the energy consumed by an animal to create enough heat to melt ice was the same as the amount of energy in wood needed to melt the ice with a fire |
| B agonis | Helps with protein deposition by decreasing degradation which allows for growth |
| What inputs need to be given to solver? | The objective, constraints, variable cells, different values associated with different feeds |
Created by:
Katoatoato
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